Psychological distress is more common in some occupations and increases with job tenure: a thirty-seven year panel study in the United States

Table 2 Occupations with elevated risk of developing psychological distress and related mental health conditions^a

Occupation	Citation	Odds ratio (CI), p-value
Carpenters and joiners	Agerbo et al. (2010) [37]; Grosch & Murphy (1998) [29]	1.55 (1.15–2.08), p = 0.0035
Coal miners and operatives	Matamala Pizarro & Fuenzalida (2021) [51]; Roberts et al. (2013) [38]	1.72 (1.54–1.92), p < 0.0001
Cooks	Agerbo et al. (2010) [37]; Fan et al. (2012) [16]; Shockey et al. (2017) [26]; Wang & Rosenman, (2018) [121]	1.96 (1.74–2.21), p < 0.0001
Laborers	Roberts et al. (2013) [38]; Grosch & Murphy (1998) [29]	1.61 (1.38–1.88), p < 0.0001
Personal services workers	Fan et al. (2012) [16]; Wang & Rosenman (2018) [22]	1.62 (1.26–2.06), p = 0.0001
Plant and machine assemblers	Agerbo et al. (2010) [37]; Fan et al. (2012) [16]	1.61 (1.14–2.27), p = 0.0065
Operatives except transport	Fan et al. (2012) [16]; Grosch & Murphy (1998) [29]; Mościcka-Teske et al., (2017) [52]	1.72 (1.43–2.06), p < 0.0001
Road construction workers	Roberts et al. (2013) [38]	1.76 (1.42–2.46), p = 0.0009
Scaffolders and riggers	Roberts et al. (2013) [38]	3.45 (1.70–7.01), p = 0.0006
Undertakers, funeral directors	Roberts et al. (2013) [38]	3.19 (2.16–4.73), p < 0.0001

^aData source: Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 2003–2017; discrete-time hazard analyses adjusted for age and sampling design; reference category was all other occupations; Agerbo et al. (2010) [37] and Roberts et al. (2013) [38] studied occupations linked with suicide. CI = 95% confidence interval.

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