Table 4 Study format, delivery, tools and cultural inclusion

Celik and Ergin (29)

The participants received education on embryo-fetal development, feedback on the antenatal palpation assessment and demonstration of the first and second Leopold’s manoeuvre.

The women were invited to complete the maneuvers

and listen to the fetal heartbeat on themselves.

Sessions occurred in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Number of sessions offered: 2 (32nd and 36th gestational weeks)

Length of intervention: 45 to

60 min

Group sessions: Maximum of five participants per session.

The Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) was developed by Muller (45).

No mention in the paper of any cultural factors included.

The authors did note in the conclusion and recommendations that culturally specific studies should be conducted.

Malm et al. (38)

As this study was a prospective population-based survey no education was provided. The authors sought to understand maternal perception by using questionnaires.

Women in the third trimester were invited to complete the questionnaires.

Prenatal Attachment Inventory–Revised (PAI-R) developed by Pallant and colleagues (46).

Swedish women were recruited.

No mention in the paper of any cultural factors included.

Nishikawa and Sakakibara (37)

The participants were provided with an explanation of fetal positions and invited to touch the buttocks, back and small and larger body parts of the fetus during an abdominal examination. This was followed by a group discussion.

Sessions occurred in the third trimester of pregnancy

The number of sessions offered: 3 (30th, 32nd, and 34th weeks gestation).

Length of intervention: 1 to 1.5 h.

Group discussion

PAI Japanese version of the by Tujino and colleagues (47).

Japanese women were recruited.

No mention in the paper of any cultural factors included.