Table 4 Factors associated with lower PHQ-9 depression severity

Sex

Female

Ref

–

< 0.001

Male

2.11 (1.42, 3.13)

< 0.001

Age

18–64

Ref

–

0.059

 ≥ 65

1.80 (0.98, 3.33)

0.059

Education

Secondary school or below

Ref

–

0.011

Trade or vocational training (e.g. TAFE or college)

0.92 (0.60, 1.40)

0.701

Tertiary

2.52 (1.29, 4.94)

0.007

Employment

Not working (home duties, unemployed, retired, disability pension)

Ref

–

0.216

Working (full, part time or casual)

1.50 (0.79, 2.83)

0.216

BMI

 < 25

Ref

–

0.569

25–29

0.80 (0.48, 1.34)

0.400

 ≥ 30

0.70 (0.28, 1.77)

0.456

Type of stroke

Ischaemic stroke

Ref

–

0.633

Haemorrhagic stroke

0.90 (0.37, 2.20)

0.815

Transient Ischaemic Attack

1.24 (0.76, 2.01)

0.393

Unsure

0.88 (0.52, 1.46)

0.612

Indigenous status

No

Ref

–

0.286

Yes, Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander

0.37 (0.06, 2.28)

0.286

Concession card

No

Ref

–

0.385

Yes

1.33 (0.70, 2.53)

0.385

Health insurance

No

Ref

–

0.128

Yes

1.38 (0.91, 2.07)

0.128

History of Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)

No

Ref

–

0.005

Yes

0.46 (0.27, 0.80)

0.005

Irregular Pulse (Atrial Fibrillation)

No

Ref

–

0.825

Yes

0.95 (0.59, 1.52)

0.825

Diabetes

No

Ref

–

0.011

Yes

0.55 (0.35, 0.87)

0.011

Hypertension

No

Ref

–

0.135

Yes

1.38 (0.90, 2.10)

0.135

High cholesterol

No

Ref

–

0.644

Yes

1.11 (0.72, 1.71)

0.644

Smoker

No

Ref

–

0.575

Yes

0.84 (0.45, 1.56)

0.575

Drink six or more standard alcoholic drinks per day

No

Ref

–

0.026

Yes

0.38 (0.16, 0.89)

0.026