Table 1 Extracted spotify audio features for every song
From: The sound of stress recovery: an exploratory study of self-selected music listening after stress
Audio feature | Description |
|---|---|
Key | The musical key of a song. In the SDC, keys are mapped using standard pitch class notation, such that ‘0’ corresponds to the C key, ‘1’ to C#/Db, ‘2’ to D, etc |
Mode | The modality of a song, which represents the type of scale from which the melodic content of a song is derived. Typically, songs in minor mode (0) are considered ‘sad’, while songs in major mode (1) are considered ‘happy’ |
Time signature | The number of beats (3–7) within each measure of a song, corresponding to time signatures ‘3/4’, ‘4/4’, ‘5/4’, etc |
Acousticness | Indicates whether a song was played acoustically: where classical instruments are used instead of electric or electronic instruments. Acousticness ranges from 0.0 to 1.0, where higher values indicate that more of a song is acoustic |
Danceability | Indicates whether a song is suitable to dance to. Danceability ranges from 0.0 to 1.0, where higher values indicate that songs are more danceable |
Energy | A measure of a song’s intensity and activity. Energy ranges from 0.0 to 1.0, where higher values indicate that songs are more energetic (e.g., faster, louder, noisier) |
Instrumentalness | An estimate of whether a song contains vocals. Instrumentalness ranges from 0.0 to 1.0, where values above 0.5 indicate that songs contain little to no vocals (i.e., instrumental) |
Liveness | An estimate of whether a song is a live performance in the presence of an audience. Liveness ranges from 0.0 to 1.0, where values above 0.8 indicate that songs are likely to have been a live performance |
Loudness | The overall loudness of a song in decibels (dB) |
Speechiness | An estimate of the presence of spoken words in a song. Speechiness ranges from 0.0 to 1.0, where values below 0.33 indicate that tracks contain music only, values between 0.33 and 0.66 indicate tracks contain both music and spoken words, and values above 0.66 indicate that tracks consist entirely of spoken words (e.g., podcasts, interviews) |
Musical valence | An estimate of the overall positiveness of a song. Valence ranges from 0.0 to 1.0, where higher values indicate that songs feel more positive (e.g., happy, cheerful, euphoric) |
Tempo | An estimate of the overall tempo of the song in beats per minute (BPM) |
Duration | The duration of the song in seconds |