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Table 4 Bivariate analysis of categorical variables associated with stress and PTSD

From: The psychological impact of COVID-19 in a socio-politically unstable environment: protective effects of sleep and gratitude in Lebanese adults

 

PSS

    

IES-22

    

M

SD

t

p

Cohen's d

M

SD

t

p

Cohen's d

Gender

          

 Female

23.61

6.23

− 1.64

0.102

0.20

31.08

18.66

0.19

0.847

− 0.02

 Male

22.24

7.21

   

31.51

18.76

   

Age group

          

 18–25

24.04

6.92

3.30

0.001

− 0.35

33.40

19.18

2.99

0.003

− 0.33

  > 25

21.77

5.67

   

27.29

17.33

   

Professional status

          

 Employed

22.20

5.74

2.49

0.013

− 0.26

27.91

16.73

2.81

0.005

− 0.29

 Unemployed

23.91

6.96

   

33.43

19.60

   
 

M

SD

F (2, 347)

p

η2

M

SD

F (2, 347)

p

η2

Job loss

          

 Yes

24.68

6.53

4.92

0.008

0.39

34.31

20.05

4.86

0.008

0.33

 No

22.09

5.96

   

27.96

17.55

   

 Not applicable

24.13

6.99

   

34.10

19.06

   
  1. Values for the M [mean] and SD [standard deviation] for the stress Perceived Stress Scale [PSS], and PTSD Impact of Events Scale [IES-22] with their respective T-statistic, F-statistic, p-value for the various analysis