Table 2 Overview concepts, instruments and assessment time points administered

Future self-identification

Based on Hershfield et al.[35] and Van Gelder et al. [9]

8

x

x

x

x

x

Future orientation

Future Orientation Scale [1]

15

x

x¹

x

x

x

Consideration of future consequences

Consideration of Future Consequences questionnaire [36, 37]

9

x

x

x

x

Self-defeating behavior

Self-defeating behavior list based on Van Gelder et al. [9]

15

x

x

x

x

x

Goal commitment

Goal Commitment Questionnaire [38]

7

x

x

x

x

Weekly goal achievement

Self-developed

3

x

x

Monthly goal achievement

Self-developed

3

x

Self-efficacy

General Self-efficacy Questionnaire [39]

10

x

x

x

x

Academic results²

University records

–

x

Impulsiveness

Barratt Impulsivity Scale 15 item version [40]

15

x

x

x

x

Think about future (self)

Self-developed

2

x

x

x

x

x

Personality

HEXACO-60 [41, 42]

60

x

x

App experiences^3,4

TWEETS [43] and self-developed items

30

x

x

App usage⁴

Log data app

–

x

VR experiences⁵

VR related concepts (e.g., embodiment, presence, Proteus effect) Based on previous studies [27, 44, 45] and self-developed items

34

x

VR usage⁵

Log data of the VR environment

–

x

Goals

Qualitative coding

–

x

x

x