Table 3 Factors associated with PTSD among landslide survivors (n = 587)

PTSD

587 (100)

Age

0.081

18–28 years

126 (21.5)

76 (24.4)

50 (18.2)

1.00

29–39 years

211 (35.9)

115 (36.9)

96 (34.9)

0.68 (0.44–1.04)

≥ 40 years

250 (42.6)

121 (38.8)

129 (46.9)

0.80 (0.56–1.16)

Gender

< 0.001

Male

192 (32.7)

132 (42.3)

60 (21.8)

1.00

Female

396 (67.3)

180 (57.7)

215 (78.2)

0.38 (0.26 − 0.055)

Education level

0.020

No formal education

284 (48.4)

140 (44.9)

144 (52.4)

4.32(1.59–11.77)

Primary education

207 (35.3)

113 (36.2)

94 (34.2)

3.49 (1.27–9.62)

Secondary education

70 (11.9)

38 (12.2)

32 (11.6)

3.54 (1.21–10.44)

Post-secondary education

26 (4.4)

21 (6.7)

5 (1.8)

1.00

Marital status

< 0.001

Single

66 (11.2)

43 (13.8)

23 (8.4)

0.31 (0.16–0.61)

Married

333 (56.7)

191 (61.2)

142 (51.6)

0.44 (0.27–0.70)

Divorced/separated

96 (16.4)

44 (14.1)

52 (18.9)

0.69 (0.39–1.24)

Widowed

92 (15.7)

34 (10.9)

58 (21.1)

1.00

Counselling

< 0.001

No

213 (36.3)

73 (23.4)

140 (50.9)

3.41 (2.39–4.83)

Yes

374 (63.7)

239 (76.6)

135 (49.1)

1.00

Social support

< 0.001

No

270 (46.0)

96 (30.8)

174 (63.3)

3.88 (2.75–5.46)

1.00

Yes

317 (54.0)

216 (69.2)

101 (36.7)

Level of exposure

< 0.001

Indirect

163 (27.8)

64 (20.5)

99 (36.0)

0.45 (0.31–0.65)

Direct

424 (72.2)

248 (79.5)

176 (64.0)

1.00

Duration since the event

< 0.001

After two years

216 (36.8)

149 (47.8)

67 (24.4)

0.35 (0.25–0.50)

Within two years

371 (63.2)

163 (52.2)

208 (75.6)

1.00

Physical injury

0.007

No

410 (69.8)

233 (74.7)

177 (64.4)

1.82 (1.27–2.60)

Yes

177 (30.2)

79 (25.3)

98 (35.6)

1.00

History of mental health issues

0.467

No

486(82.8)

255 (81.7)

231 (84.0)

0.95 (0.63–1.47)

Yes

101 (17.2)

57 (18.3)

44 (16.0)

1.00

Loss of property

0.022

No

99 (16.9)

63 (20.2)

36 (13.1)

1.80 (1.15–2.82)

Yes

488 (83.1)

249 (79.8)

239 (86.9)

1.00