The psychological impact, risk factors and coping strategies to COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers in the sub-Saharan Africa: a narrative review of existing literature

Table 3 Classification of studies according to psychological outcomes

Psychological Outcome	Studies	Measurement tools	Prevalence
Anxiety	[34,35,36, 38, 39, 42,43,44,45]	GAD-7, DASS-21, HADS	21.9–73.5%
Depression	[34,35,36, 38, 39, 42,43,44,45]	PHQ-9, GAD-7, HADS	16.3–71.9%
PTSD	[34, 37, 40, 41]	IES-R, PSS-10	51.6–56.8%
Stress	[35, 36, 42,43,44]	IES-R, OSS, PSS-10	15.5–63.7%
Insomnia	[35, 36, 38, 39]	ISI	12.4–77%
General psychological disorders	[35]	PSS, PHQ-9	36%

Measures’ descriptions: Depression: PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire. Anxiety: GAD-7 Generalised Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, Depression & Anxiety: DASS-21 Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, Sleep: ISI Insomnia Severity Index; IES-R Impact of Event Scale; HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, PSS-10 Perceived Stress Scale; PMS-9 Premenstrual Syndrome Scale; OSS Oslo 3 items for social support

ISSN: 2050-7283