Skip to main content

Table 1 Baseline sample characteristics (N = 2638)

From: Do personal resilience, coping styles, and social support prevent future psychological distress when experiencing workplace bullying? Evidence from a 1-year prospective study

Variable

Follow-up

Drop-out

p value

n

%

Mean

SD

n

%

Mean

SD

Demographic characteristics

Gender

        

 < 0.01

 Male

1142

57.6

  

230

39.4

   

 Female

894

42.4

  

354

60.6

   

Age (years)

  

42.8

11.4

  

46.1

12.5

 < 0.01

 20–24

124

6.1

  

23

4.0

   

 25–29

205

10.1

  

45

7.9

   

 30–34

215

10.6

  

60

10.5

   

 35–39

298

14.6

  

71

12.4

   

 40–44

250

12.3

  

69

12.1

   

 45–49

222

10.9

  

42

7.4

   

 50–54

333

16.3

  

65

11.4

   

 55–59

290

14.2

  

88

15.4

   

 Over 60

99

4.9

  

108

18.9

   

Educational status

        

 < 0.01

 Under high school graduate

563

27.7

  

157

26.9

   

 Junior college/technical school graduate

671

33.0

  

228

39.0

   

 University/graduate school graduate

802

39.4

  

199

34.1

   

Marital status

        

0.010

 Currently married

1498

73.6

  

448

79.0

   

 Never married/divorced/widowed

538

26.4

  

119

21.0

   

Having chronic disease

        

0.322

 Yes

445

21.9

  

138

23.6

   

 No

1591

78.1

  

446

76.4

   

Occupational characteristics

Occupation

        

 < 0.01

 Administrator/clerk

741

36.4

  

168

29.3

   

 Technician

189

9.3

  

23

4.0

   

 Fieldworker‡

268

13.2

  

88

15.3

   

 Nursery staff

262

12.9

  

83

14.5

   

 Public health nurse/nutritionist

153

7.5

  

74

12.9

   

 Medical technician

54

2.7

  

17

3.0

   

 Hospital nurse/midwife

83

4.1

  

71

12.4

   

 Fire defense personnel

240

11.8

  

27

4.7

   

 Others

44

2.2

  

23

4.0

   

Employment status

        

 < 0.01

 Manager

41

2.0

  

18

3.1

   

 Middle manager

179

8.9

  

31

5.3

   

 Assistant manager

571

58.5

  

118

20.2

   

 General employee

942

47.0

  

228

39.0

   

 Re-employment after retirement

53

2.6

  

70

12.0

   

 Part-time

194

9.7

  

105

18.0

   

 Others

24

1.2

  

14

2.4

   

Shift work

        

0.014

 Yes

605

29.7

  

176

35.3

   

 No

1431

70.3

  

322

64.7

   

Life event(s) during follow-up

Yes

1249

61.3

       

No

787

38.7

       

Scale scores at T1

Workplace bullying

  

25.9

7.4

  

27.0

9.8

 < 0.01

Supervisor support

  

8.8

2.3

  

8.4

2.3

 < 0.01

Co-worker support

  

9.6

2.0

  

9.3

2.0

 < 0.01

Family/friends support

  

8.8

2.3

  

8.9

2.3

0.276

Active solution

  

9.2

2.3

  

8.7

2.5

 < 0.01

Seeking help

  

8.2

2.5

  

7.8

2.6

 < 0.01

Changing mood

  

7.9

2.6

  

7.6

2.7

0.023

Emotional expression

  

5.1

1.6

  

5.1

1.6

0.401

Avoidance

  

5.3

1.9

  

5.4

2.1

0.383

Changing view

  

7.4

2.2

  

7.3

2.5

0.502

Resilience

  

51.5

14.7

  

50.1

15.8

0.055

Psychological distress

  

5.8

5.1

  

6.6

5.7

 < 0.01

  1. SD Standard deviation
  2. ‡Field worker includes sanitation worker, school food service worker, school janitor, telephone exchange operator, etc.