Table 1 Empathy and aggression scores across demographic groups
| Â | Total | Gender | Age group | Marital status | Educational | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (N = 298) | Female (N = 194) | p value (Mann–Whitney test) | 17–20 years (N = 103) | 21–25 years (N = 131) | 26–30 years (N = 121) |  > 30 years (N = 37) | p value (Kruskal– Wallis test) | Married (N = 197) | Unmarried (N = 293) | p value (Mann–Whitney test) | Diploma or lower (N = 143) | University education (N = 347) | p value (Mann–Whitney test) | ||
Personal distress | 13.33 (5.25) | 11.92 (4.82) | 15.52 (5.15) |  < 0.001 | 12.68 (5.36) | 12.84 (5.66) | 13.98 (5.27) | 13.78 (4.68) |  > 0.05 | 13.93 (5.21) | 12.96 (5.26) |  > 0.05 | 13.32 (5.61) | 13.36 (5.11) |  > 0.05 |
Empathic concern | 19.81 (4.51) | 19.11 (4.73) | 20.95 (3.95) |  < 0.001 | 19.43 (4.51) | 18.62 (4.5) | 20.35 (4.24) | 20.85 (4.53) |  < 0.001 | 20.23 (4.44) | 19.57 (4.56) |  > 0.05 | 19.57 (4.65) | 19.94 (4.47) |  > 0.05 |
Fantasy | 14.34 (5.54) | 13.56 (5.06) | 15.66 (5.92) |  < 0.001 | 15.1 (5.16) | 14.22 (5.38) | 14.43 (5.66) | 13.99 (5.76) |  > 0.05 | 14.03 (5.64) | 14.63 (5.42) |  > 0.05 | 13.93 (5.23) | 14.58 (5.62) |  > 0.05 |
Perspective-taking | 15.79 (4.48) | 15.64 (4.44) | 15.98 (4.53) |  > 0.05 | 15.19 (4.67) | 15.49 (4.46) | 15.36 (4.4) | 16.85 (4.27) |  < 0.05 | 16.18 (4.31) | 15.51 (4.57) |  > 0.05 | 15.4 (4.5) | 15.93 (4.46) |  > 0.05 |
Interpersonal reactivity index | 63.36 (11.37) | 60.23 (10.32) | 68.28 (11.15) |  < 0.001 | 62.15 (11.36) | 61.53 (10.79) | 64.27 (11.13) | 65.42 (11.77) |  < 0.05 | 63.62 (11.52) | 62.63 (11.19) |  > 0.05 | 62.5 (11.49) | 63.79 (11.29) |  > 0.05 |
Reactive aggression | 7.19 (3.62) | 7.11 (3.71) | 7.32 (3.53) |  > 0.05 | 8.45 (3.62) | 7.72 (4.29) | 6.84 (3.25) | 6.09 (2.9) |  < 0.001 | 6.64 (3.25) | 7.57 (3.84) | 0.006 | 7.72 (3.85) | 6.98 (3.54) |  > 0.05 |
Proactive aggression | 2.56 (3.04) | 2.94 (3.37) | 1.92 (2.32) | 0.002 | 3.3 (2.95) | 3.23 (4.03) | 2.06 (2.31) | 1.77 (2.23) |  < 0.001 | 2.1 (2.55) | 2.84 (3.3) | 0.029 | 2.98 (3.52) | 2.36 (2.8) |  > 0.05 |
Reactive Proactive Aggression Questionnaire | 9.73 (5.84) | 10.06 (6.18) | 9.25 (5.27) |  > 0.05 | 11.76 (5.6) | 10.95 (7.44) | 8.91 (4.71) | 7.87 (4.38) |  < 0.001 | 8.74 (4.99) | 10.41 (6.28) | 0.008 | 10.7 (6.48) | 9.35 (5.53) |  > 0.05 |
Verbal aggression | 12.48 (4.8) | 12.71 (4.91) | 12.15 (4.69) |  > 0.05 | 13.11 (4.77) | 12.4 (4.63) | 12.77 (4.91) | 11.84 (4.95) |  > 0.05 | 12.02 (4.94) | 12.8 (4.73) |  < 0.05 | 12.16 (4.78) | 12.62 (4.85) |  > 0.05 |
Physical aggression | 21.62 (6.84) | 22.5 (7.02) | 20.44 (6.38) |  < 0.01 | 24.09 (7.31) | 22.48 (7) | 21.52 (6.54) | 19.2 (5.74) |  < 0.001 | 20.45 (6.25) | 22.49 (7.1) |  < 0.01 | 21.87 (6.8) | 21.6 (6.86) |  > 0.05 |
Anger | 17.25 (7.81) | 16.75 (8.2) | 18.08 (7.2) |  < 0.05 | 18.35 (10.02) | 17.73 (7.69) | 17.72 (7.08) | 15.64 (6.45) |  < 0.05 | 16.97 (6.94) | 17.49 (8.38) |  > 0.05 | 17.88 (9.2) | 17.03 (17.19) |  > 0.05 |
Hostility | 18.38 (7.63) | 18.01 (7.47) | 19.04 (7.87) |  > 0.05 | 20.09 (7.54) | 18.98 (7.65) | 18.23 (7.53) | 16.8 (7.56) |  < 0.01 | 17.58 (7.74) | 18.99 (7.54) |  < 0.05 | 19.19 (7.52) | 18.1 (7.68) |  > 0.05 |
Buss–Perry aggression questionnaire | 69.82 (21.68) | 69.99 (22.67) | 69.72 (20.32) |  > 0.05 | 75.64 (23.17) | 71.6 (22.44) | 70.25 (20.41) | 63.5 (19.64) |  < 0.001 | 67.04 (20.62) | 71.78 (22.29) |  < 0.05 | 71.12 (22.03) | 69.37 (21.63) |  > 0.05 |