Table 3 Univariable and multivariable associations of fruit and vegetable consumption and other covariates with incident or persistent depressive symptoms

Fruit servings/day

0

1

 ≥ 2

1 (Reference)

1.03 (0.85 to 1.25)

1.10 (0.83 to 1.47)

1 (Reference)

1.11 (0.89 to 1.38)

1.20 (0.87 to 1.66)

1 (Reference)

1.13 (0.79 to 1.63)

1.04 (0.58 to 1.87)

1 (Reference)

1.50 (0.91 to 2.46)

1.30 (0.76 to 2.22)

Vegetable servings/day

0

1

 ≥ 2

1 (Reference)

0.91 (0.77 to 1.08)

1.34 (1.02 to 1.77)*

1 (Reference)

0.84 (0.71 to 1.01)

1.30 (0.97 to 1.73)

1 (Reference)

0.83 (0.59 to 1.17)

1.17 (0.69 to 1.97)

1 (Reference)

0.83 (0.54 to 1.26)

0.68 (0.36 to 1.27)

Cans/bottles/cups sugary drinks/week

0

1

2

 ≥ 3

1 (Reference)

1.12 (0.89 to 1.39)

1.18 (0.96 to 1.46)

1.12 (0.91 to 1.39)

1 (Reference)

1.06 (0.82 to 1.37)

1.12 (0.88 to 1.41)

1.18 (0.94 to 1.47)

1 (Reference)

0.82 (0.53 to 1.25)

0.71 (0.47 to 1.10)

0.91 (0.57 to 1.44)

1 (Reference)

0.73 (0.44 to 1.21)

0.69 (0.45 to 1.12)

0.66 (0.41 to 1.07)

Age (in years)

1.00 (0.99 to 1.01)

1.00 (0.99 to 1.01)

1.01 (0.99 to 1.02)

1.00 (0.98 to 1.01)

Sex

Female

Male

1 (Reference)

0.94 (0.81 to 1.09)

1 (Reference)

1.03 (0.84 to 1.26)

1 (Reference)

1.15 (0.84 to 1.57)

1 (Reference)

1.26 (0.81 to 1.96)

Education

None

1–7 years

8–11

12 or more

1 (Reference)

0.91 (0.77 to 1.08)

0.83 (0.65 to 1.05)

0.89 (0.71 to 1.12)

1 (Reference)

0.89 (0.73 to 1.09)

0.88 (0.65 to 1.18)

0.95 (0.71 to 1.27)

1 (Reference)

0.68 (0.48 to 0.95)*

0.46 (0.24 to 0.87)*

0.49 (0.25 to 0.98)*

1 (Reference)

0.53 (0.35 to 0.82)**

0.39 (0.18 to 0.88)*

0.38 (0.15 to 0.89)*

Not married (base = Married/cohabiting

1.24 (1.04 to 1.44)**

1.20 (1.00 to 1.43)*

0.89 (0.69 to 1.21)

0.89 (0.59 to 1.34)

Wealth index

Low

Middle

High

1 (Reference)

0.82 (0.67 to 1.01)

0.89 (0.76 to 1.05)

1 (Reference)

0.79 (0.63 to 0.99)

0.94 (0.77 to 1.14)

1 (Reference)

1.01(0.67 to 1.53)

0.94 (0.66 to 1.34)

1 (Reference)

1.05 (0.63 to 1.75)

1.20 (0.76 to 1.90)

Alcohol dependence

0.73 (0.37 to 1.45)

0.69 (0.32 to 1.45)

3.82 (1.15 to 12.65)

5.36 (1.24 to 23.30)*

Current tobacco use

1.31 (1.07 to 1.59)**

1.23 (0.97 to 1.56)

0.90 (0.59 to 1.36)

0.91 (0.51 to 1.63)

Physical activity

Low

Moderate

High

1 (Reference)

0.97 (0.80 to 1.16)

0.98 (0.83 to 1.16)

1 (Reference)

0.95 (0.77 to 1.17)

0.93 (0.77 to 1.12)

1 (Reference)

0.63 (0.40 to 1.00)*

0.93 (0.65 to 1.31)

1 (Reference)

0.79 (0.46 to 1.36)

1.20 (0.78 to 1.84)

Body mass index

Normal

Underweight

Overweight

Obesity

1 (Reference)

1.25 (0.87 to 1.80)

0.92 (0.77 to 1.11)

1.07 (0.89 to 1.27)

1 (Reference)

1.10 (0.72 to 1.65)

1.00 (0.81 to 1.24)

1.11 (0.89 to 1.37)

1 (Reference)

1.24 (0.65 to 2.36)

0.81 (0.54 to 1.21)

0.85 (0.57 to 1.27)

1 (Reference)

1.20 (0.54 to 2.66)

0.80 (0.48 to 1.32)

0.99 (0.58 to 1.71)

Hypertension

0.96 (0.83 to 1.11)

0.93 (0.78 to 1.11)

1.27 (0.92 to 1.75)

1.06 (0.69 to 1.61)

Diabetes

1.17 (0.92 to 1.50)

1.06 (0.81 to 1.39)

1.17 (0.76 to 1.79)

1.30 (0.76 to 2.23)

Dyslipidaemia

1.14 (0.97 to 1.33)

1.15 (0.97 to 1.36)

1.02 (0.73 to 1.42)

0.82 (0.56 to 1.20)