Skip to main content

Table 4 Summary of the results of the Kruskal-Wallis Test

From: Parenting children with autism spectrum disorder in the United Arab Emirates: Exploring perceptions towards using the picture exchange communication system to enhance the development of children with autism spectrum disorder

N = 73

 

Communication Skills

Learning Skills

Social Inter. Skills

Overall PTPECS

 

Sample

Mean

Med.

P

Mean

Med.

p.

Mean

Med.

p.

Mean

Med.

p

Category

   

0.23

  

0.98

  

0.58

  

0.71

Mother

Father

Nanny

62 (85%)

6 (8%)

5 (7%)

5.11 (0.59)

4.77 (0.56)

5.20 (0.001)

5.00

5.00

5.20

 

5.12 (0.54)

5.07 (0.65)

5.08 (0.11)

5.00

5.20

5.20

 

5.21 (0.43)

5.02 (0.70)

5.13 (0.27)

5.17

4.83

5.33

 

5.15 (0.47)

4.95 (0.55)

5.14 (0.07)

5.09

5.06

5.19

 

effect size

            

0.49

Years caring for ASD

   

0.16

  

0.07

  

0.19

  

0.30

1–5 years

6–10 years

11 or more years

28 (38%)

31 (43%)

14 (19%)

5.25 (0.60)

4.98 (0.60)

5.00 (0.39)

5.20

5.00

5.00

 

5.26 (0.65)

4.97 (0.45)

5.17 (0.34)

5.20

5.00

5.20

 

5.25 (0.53)

5.06 (0.38)

5.25

5.17

5.25

 

5.19 (0.55)

5.06 (1.08)

5.16 (0.32)

5.19

5.06

5.13

 

effect size

       

5.28 (0.34)

    

0.49

Institution

   

0.07

  

0.29

  

0.04*

  

0.46

Inclusive school

Special school

Rehabilitation cent.

Early entry. Cen.

27 (37%)

18 (25%)

14 (19%)

14 (19%)

5.07 (0.38)

5.00 (0.74)

4.88 (0.43)

5.46 (0.65)

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.80

 

5.05 (0.31)

5.11 (0.59)

5.00 (0.37)

5.37 (0.83)

5.00

5.00

5.00

6.00

 

5.11 (0.34)

5.06 (0.45)

5.16 (0.27)

5.51 (0.62)

5.17

5.00

5.33

5.83

 

5.08 (0.27)

5.06 (0.53)

5.02 (0.30)

5.06

5.06

5.13

5.88

 

effect size

          

5.45 (0.67)

 

0.49

Age of child

   

0.82

  

0.54

  

0.15

  

0.94

1–5 years

6–10 years

11 or more years

8 (11%)

26 (36%)

39 (53%)

5.16 (0.91)

5.04 (0.73)

5.11 (0.35)

5.40

5.10

5.00

 

5.07 (1.02)

5.17 (0.54)

5.09 (0.39)

5.31

5.20

5.00

 

5.34 (0.76)

5.08 (0.49)

5.22 (0.32)

5.63

5.00

5.17

 

5.20 (0.85)

5.09 (0.53)

5.15 (0.29)

5.40

5.06

5.13

 

effect size

            

0.49

Age child began using PECS

   

0.51

  

0.17

  

0.04*

  

0.05*

0–3 years

3–5 years

6 or more years

15 (20%)

35 (48%)

23 (32%)

5.22 (0.74)

5.01 (0.65)

5.12 (0.22)

5.00

5.00

5.00

 

5.31 (0.75)

5.01 (0.53)

5.20

5.00

5.20

 

5.39 (0.60)

5.08 (0.42)

5.21 (0.32)

5.33

5.00

5.17

 

5.31 (0.64)

5.04 (0.49)

5.13

5.00

5.04

 

effect size

    

5.15 (0.27)

     

5.16 (0.19)

 

0.49

  1. *P < .05; ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorder; PECS = Picture Exchange Communication System; Med. = Median; PTPECS = Perception towards Picture exchange communication system scale; Social Inter. Skills = social interaction skills; Early entry. Cen.= early intervention centre; Rehabilitation cent. = rehabilitation centre
Back to article page

BMC Psychology

ISSN: 2050-7283

Contact us