The association between dietary insulin index and load with mental health

Darand, Mina; Amirinejad, Ali; Salehi-Abargouei, Amin; Davies, Ian G.; Mirzaei, Masoud; Mazidi, Mohsen; Khayyatzadeh, Sayyed Saeid

doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00925-2

BMC Psychology

Table 2 Dietary intakes of study participants across quartiles of dietary insulin index and load

From: The association between dietary insulin index and load with mental health

Dietary insulin load							Dietary insulin index
	Total	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P-value^I	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P-value
Nutrients
Energy intake (kcal)	2897 ± 1378^II	1580 ± 298^a	2161 ± 376^b	1318 ± 569^b	4828 ± 1015^b	<0.001	3207 ± 1394^a	2822 ± 1306^b	2658 ± 1301^b	2900 ± 1449^b	<0.001 >
Protein (% of total daily energy)	0.16 ± 0.04	0.17 ± 0.03^a	0.16 ± 0.04^b	0.14 ± 0.04^b	0.16 ± 0.04^b	<0.001	0.17 ± 0.05^a	0.16 ± 0.03^b	0.15 ± 0.03^b	0.14 ± 0.03^b	<0.001 >
Carbohydrate (% of total daily energy)	0.54 ± 0.08	0.55 ± 0.08^a	0.55 ± 0.09	0.58 ± 0.11	0.56 ± 0.09^b	<0.001	0.48 ± 0.09^a	0.55 ± 0.07^b	0.57 ± 0.07^b	0.62 ± 0.08^b	<0.001
Fat (% of total daily energy)	0.35 ± 0.10	0.32 ± 0.07^a	031 ± 0.07^b	0.34 ± 0.08^b	0.35 ± 0.10^b	<0.001	0.39 ± 0.09^a	0.33 ± 0.07^b	0.31 ± 0.07^b	0.29 ± 0.08^b	<0.001
Cholesterol (mg)	394.8 ± 391.2	242.7 ± 108.4^a	323.3 ± 290.5^b	433.3 ± 350.5^b	580.1 ± 574.1^b	<0.001	522.8 ± 567.6^a	395.9 ± 310.8^b	345.7 ± 252.2^b	315.04 ± 324.4^b	<0.001
SFA (g)	31.04 ± 18.36	17.87 ± 6.08^a	23.51 ± 8.23^b	33.16 ± 13.52^b	49.64 ± 21.93^b	<0.001	39.22 ± 22.34^a	30.54 ± 16.02^b	27.52 ± 15.34^b	26.90 ± 16.15^b	<0.001
Vitamin E (mg/day)	11.36 ± 11.66	7.14 ± 5.71^a	9.23 ± 7.85^b	12.73 ± 12.95^b	16.34 ± 15.27^b	<0.001	16.16 ± 17.91^a	11.0 ± 9.15^b	9.83 ± 7.90^b	8.45 ± 6.59^b	<0.001
Vitamin C (mg)	210.5 ± 188.7	115.1 ± 59.8^a	163.03 ± 89.7	236.09 ± 145.5^b	327.1 ± 289.9^b	<0.001	225.7 ± 171.1^a	224.3 ± 199.9	197.2 ± 173.1^b	195.03 ± 206.07^b	<0.001
Folic acid (µg)	379.8 ± 228	220.68 ± 77.38^a	297.9 ± 127.06^b	414.1 ± 183.9^b	586.75 ± 275.4^b	<0.001	447.9 ± 264.7^a	387.9 ± 233^b	394.5 ± 197.1^b	334.02 ± 192.5^b	<0.001
Magnesium (mg)	193.4 ± 52.2	193.4 ± 52.2^a	285.7 ± 75^b	361.2 ± 112.7^b	543.9 ± 194.80^b	<0.001	388.7 ± 197.07^a	340.4 ± 171.8^b	312.3 ± 165.4^b	315.9 ± 172.4^b	<0.001
Food groups (g/1000 kcal)
Fruits	184.3 ± 138.4	193.8 ± 111.5^a	197.1 ± 128.8^b	194.3 ± 141.2^b	151.8 ± 162.09^b	<0.001	165.6 ± 113^a	185.02 ± 125.4^b	189.1 ± 128.1^b	197.4 ± 176.6^b	0.001
Vegetables	96.6 ± 77.2	104.6 ± 69.8^a	97.46 ± 82.99	86.65 ± 69.25^b	96.68 ± 77.29^b	<0.001	107.07 ± 98.2^a	100.6 ± 66.6	98.03 ± 74.16^b	80.99 ± 62.76^b	0.001
Red meat	20.46 ± 18.37	22.41 ± 15.65^a	22.46 ± 14.61	22.47 ± 21.33	14.49 ± 19.74^b	<0.001	20.87 ± 20.36^a	21.78 ± 18.49	21.09 ± 17.56	18.09 ± 16.67^b	0.001
Fish	7.00 ± 13.56	5.60 ± 6.64^a	6.02 ± 11.62	7.50 ± 14.90	8.79 ± 18.13^b	<0.001	7.58 ± 14.64^a	7.80 ± 13.06	7.53 ± 16.64	5.07 ± 8.22^b	0.001
Dairy	89.84 ± 60.15	104.89 ± 54.36^a	95.01 ± 53.72	86.57 ± 61.00^b	72.88 ± 66.10^b	<0.001	98.17 ± 80.10^a	94.38 ± 55.93	91.45 ± 50.61^b	75.35 ± 45.55^b	0.001
Legumes and nuts	25.20 ± 19.14	26.40 ± 15.25^a	25.37 ± 18.19^b	26.21 ± 22.49^b	22.82 ± 19.73^b	<0.001	29.15 ± 24.82^a	25.23 ± 17.59^b	24.43 ± 16.13^b	21.98 ± 15.95^b	0.001
Whole grains	29.95 ± 27.33	35.96 ± 27.37^a	37.26 ± 27.87^b	28.17 ± 27.47^b	18.41 ± 21.99^b	0.001	22.63 ± 24.35^a	28.14 ± 25.99^b	32.12 ± 24.91^b	36.93 ± 31.47^b	0.001
Refined grains	85.67 ± 58.18	100.4 ± 55.67^a	102.7 ± 50.99^b	79.7 ± 52.7^b	59.69 ± 62.02^b	<0.001	71.67 ± 47.77^a	87.49 ± 55.64^b	96.35 ± 57.31^b	85.67 ± 58.18^b	0.001
Sugars	12.63 ± 11.64	12.25 ± 9.83^a	12.13 ± 8.79^b	12.70 ± 11.94^b	13.45 ± 14.99^b	<0.001	7.12 ± 6.25^a	9.84 ± 7.35^b	12.87 ± 8.70^b	20.61 ± 16.51^b	0.001
Salt	2.94 ± 3.68	4.17 ± .79^a	3.56 ± 3.20	2.30 ± 3.30^b	1.75 ± 3.86^b	<0.001	2.59 ± 3.34^a	2.87 ± 3.39	3.31 ± 3.90^b	3.01 ± 4.00^b	0.001

Those values which are indicated with different superscripts (a and b) have significant differences (P-value < 0.05)
DII, Dietary insulin index; DIL, Dietary insulin load
^IObtained from one-way Anova
^IIData are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD)
^a,bpost-hoc analysis was performed by Bonferroni post-hoc test

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