Table 1 Self-disorder classifications and ICD-11

Personality disorder: borderline pattern (Borderline Personality Disorder)

Characterized by self-disturbances

“Personality disorder is characterised by problems in functioning of aspects of the self (e.g., identity, self-worth, accuracy of self-view, self-direction), and/or interpersonal dysfunction…” … “The borderline pattern descriptor may be applied to individuals whose pattern of personality disturbance is characterised by a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image… identity disturbance, manifested in markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self;…”

Schizophrenia

Characterized by self-disturbances

“Schizophrenia is characterized by disturbances in multiple mental modalties, including… self-experience (e.g., the experience that one’s feelings, impulses, thoughts or behaviour are under the control of an external force)…”

Depressive disorders (Depression)

Not characterized by self-disturbances

“Depressive disorders are characterised by depressive mood (e.g., sad, irritable, empty) or loss of pleasure accompanied by other cognitive, behavioural, or neurovegetative symptoms that significantly affect the individual’s ability to function.”

Anxiety

Not characterized by self-disturbances

“Apprehensiveness or anticipation of future danger or misfortune accompanied by a feeling of worry, distress, or somatic symptoms of tension. The focus of anticipated danger may be internal or external.”

Autism spectrum disorder (Autism)

Not characterized by self-disturbances

“Autism spectrum disorder is characterised by persistent deficits in the ability to initiate and to sustain reciprocal social interaction and social communication, and by a range of restricted, repetitive, and inflexible patterns of behaviour, interests or activities that are clearly atypical or excessive for the individual’s age and sociocultural context.”