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Table 1 Objectives and design of Study 1 and Study 2

From: Pain catastrophizing, pain sensitivity and fear of pain are associated with early life environmental unpredictability: a path model approach

Study 1

Study 2

Goal: to test the associations of pain sensitivity, and pain catastrophizing with childhood environmental conditions and perceived unpredictability via the mediation of body awareness

Prediction: both pain catastrophizing and pain sensitivity could be enhanced with a higher extent of unpredictability emerging from disadvantages experienced in childhood through the mediator role of body awareness

Goal: to test the association of fear of pain with childhood environmental conditions and perceived unpredictability via the mediation of body awareness

Prediction: fear of pain could be enhanced with a higher extent of unpredictability emerging from disadvantages experienced in childhood through the mediator role of body awareness

Participants

Participants

N = 252

Community sample

Pain-free individuals by self-report

Age: 18 and 35 years (mean age: 24.6, SD = 4.72)

Sex: 176 females (69.84%), 76 males

N = 293

Community sample (different to that tested in Study 1)

Pain-free individuals by self-report

Age: 18 and 72 years (mean age: 33.6, SD = 11.70)

Sex: 243 females (82.94%), 50 males

Variables

Variables

Childhood socioeconomic status

Childhood Household Unpredictability

Childhood Family Resources

Unpredictability Schema Questionnaire

Body Awareness Questionnaire

Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire

Pain Catastrophizing Scale

Childhood socioeconomic status

Childhood Household Unpredictability

Childhood Family Resources

Unpredictability Schema Questionnaire

Body Awareness Questionnaire

Short Beck Depression Inventory

Fear of Pain Questionnaire

Analyses

Analyses

Structural Equation Modeling

Path Modell 1: socioeconomic status and household unpredictability → family resources → unpredictability schema → body awareness → pain sensitivity (see also Fig. 1)

Path Modell 2: socioeconomic status and household unpredictability → family resources → unpredictability schema → body awareness → pain catastrophizing (see also Fig. 2)

The models were controlled for sex

Structural Equation Modeling

Path Modell: socioeconomic status and household unpredictability → family resources → unpredictability schema → body awareness → Fear of Pain (see also Fig. 3)

The model was controlled for depression and sex