Development and validation of self-efficacy and intention measures for spending time in nature

BMC Psychology

Table 2 Confirmatory factor analysis results

Constructs and measurement item	Standardized loading^ad	Error variance^b	Indicator reliability
First-order loadings
Self-efficacy (α = .919; ρ = .933; AVE = .584)^c
It is really hot outside	.72	.012	.518
It is really cold outside	.69	.012	.476
It is raining or snowing	.68	.012	.462
Daylight hours are shorter	.74	.011	.548
You are busy	.75	.010	.563
You feel stressed	.73	.011	.533
Nature is far away	.70	.012	.490
You feel tired	.78	.010	.608
There are no people around	.65	.014	.423
You have no one to go with	.72	.011	.518
You are in pain	.72	.011	.518
You lack transportation to natural areas	.68	.012	.462
It feels unsafe	.62	.014	.384
There is an expense involved (like a park pass or entrance fee)	.62	.014	.384
Intentions (α = .91; ρ = .90; AVE = .54)^c
Spend more time at neighborhood and community parks	.70	.012	.490
Spend at least two hours per week outside	.67	.013	.449
Visit state or national parks	.76	.010	.578
Schedule trips to natural areas	.81	.009	.656
Go on a hike	.73	.012	.533
Go on a walk outdoors	.68	.013	.462
Visit water recreation areas (i.e. lakes, oceans)	.71	.012	.504
Spend more time in nature	.79	.010	.624

^aEntries are standardized values; all statistically significant (p < .01)
^bError variance entries are standardized
^cα = Cronbach’s alpha of reliability; ρ = composite construct reliability; AVE = amount of variance extracted. The average variance estimates (AVEs) ranged between 0.591 and 0.821
^dValues exceeded the 3.26 cutoff

ISSN: 2050-7283