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Table 3 ANOVA results including means and standard deviations for independent variables among adolescents in different substance use clusters

From: Adolescent smoking, alcohol use, inebriation, and use of narcotics during the Covid-19 pandemic

Independent variables

Sample mean and sda

Tobacco and alcohol users

No use group

Alcohol users

Problem alcohol users

Smokers

Users of all

 

n = 114

n = 768

n = 169

n = 329

n = 76

n = 120

F (p-values)b

General family relations

        

Family cohesion

3.03 (.57)

2.85 (.61)24

3.08 (.55)16

3.00 (.58)

3.09 (.55)16

3.0 (.47)

2.76 (.60)24

9.16 **

Family conflict

1.73 (.47)

1.88 (.58)24

1.68 (.43)16

1.68 (.41)6

1.70 (.47)16

1.79 (.46)

2.02 (.56)234

12.81**

Closeness

3.53 (.94)

3.29 (.94)4

3.56 (.96)6

3.58 (.90)

3.68 (.86)16

3.30 (.93)

3.20 (.88)24

6.97**

Change in social relations during Covid-19

        

Fun time with family

2.80 (1.16)

2.61 (1.19)

2.86 (1.15)

2.78 (1.19)

2.87 (1.14)

2.64 (1.20)

2.53 (1.23)

2.97*

Conflicts in family

2.67 (1.56)

2.77 (1.50)

2.52 (1.59)

2.79 (1.50)

2.83 (1.51)

2.58 (1.73)

2.91 (1.57)

3.19*

Meeting with friends

2.39 (1.26)

2.85 (1.17)23

2.22 (1.24)146

2.18 (1.29)16

2.54 (1.23)2

2.36 (1.31)

2.78 (1.34)23

10.21**

Hanging out without parents’ knowledge

1.79 (1.59)

2.66 (1.49)234

1.40 (1.51)146

1.69 (1.60)16

2.05 (1.59)1264

1.97 (1.55)

2.62 (1.40)234

26.96**

Restrictions during Covid-19

        

Following rules and restrictions

3.11 (.66)

2.79 (.67)23

3.23 (.61)146

3.18 (.63)16

3.01(.65)2

3.07 (.69)

2.82 (.76)23

18.14**

  1. aSignificant differences between clusters 1–6
  2. b*p < .05; **p < .001