Table 2 Binary and multiple logistic regressions predicting hopelessness among male (n = 699) and female (n = 268) study participants
From: Hopelessness and HIV infection: an exploratory study with a gender-specific perspective
Variable | Binary logistic regression | Multiple logistic regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Male participants OR (95% CI) | Female participants OR (95% CI) | Male participants aOR (95% CI) | Female participants aOR (95% CI) | |
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
Age | 1.02** (1.00, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.03) | 1.02** (1.01, 1.04) | Â |
Country of birth | ||||
 Sweden | 1 | 1 |  |  |
 Outside Sweden | 1.34 (0.89, 2.02) | 1.38 (0.76, 2.54) |  |  |
Relationship status | ||||
 In an intimate relationship | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |
 Single | 1.48* (1.04, 2.10) | 1.69 (0.88, 3.24) | 1.55* (1.09, 2.20) |  |
Sexual orientation | ||||
 Heterosexual | 1 | 1 |  |  |
 Non-heterosexual | 1.11 (0.72, 1.69) | 1.90 (0.39, 9.24) |  |  |
Years of school | ||||
  ≤ 12 years | 1.14 (0.79, 1.63) | 1.44 (0.82, 2.53) |  |  |
  ≥ 13 years | 1 | 1 |  |  |
Employment | ||||
 Working | 1 | 1 |  |  |
 Non-working | 1.52 (0.90, 2.57) | 1.33 (0.75, 2.37) |  |  |
Financial satisfaction | ||||
 Satisfied | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Dissatisfied | 3.33*** (2.15, 5.16) | 2.25** (1.25, 4.07) | 3.87*** (2.59, 5.80) | 2.29** (1.26, 4.14) |
Self-reported HIV clinical factors | ||||
Time since HIV diagnosis | ||||
  ≤ 10 years | 1 | 1 |  |  |
  > 10 years | 0.97 (0.66, 1.41) | 1.24 (0.64, 2.39) |  |  |
Experiencing bothersome physical ART side-effects | ||||
 Yes | 1.43 (0.96, 2.13) | 1.72 (0.86, 3.44) |  |  |
 No | 1 | 1 |  |  |
Impact of ART on daily living | ||||
 High | 1.03 (0.71, 1.51) | 0.81 (0.44, 1.50) |  |  |
 Low | 1 | 1 |  |  |
Physical health satisfaction | ||||
 Satisfied | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Dissatisfied | 2.56*** (1.69, 3.88) | 3.32*** (1.76, 6.27) | 2.70*** (1.80, 4.06) | 3.56*** (1.87, 6.81) |
Psychosocial factors | ||||
HIV-related trauma symptoms | ||||
 Subclinical | 1 | 1 |  |  |
 Symptoms present | 1.31 (0.89, 1.91) | 0.87 (0.46, 1.62) |  |  |
Internalized stigmatization | ||||
 Low | 1 | 1 |  |  |
 High | 0.90 (0.63, 1.31) | 0.71 (0.43, 1.18) |  |  |
Anticipated stigmatization | ||||
 Low | 1 | 1 |  |  |
 High | 1.30 (0.88, 1.92) | 1.05 (0.55, 2.03) |  |  |
Personalized stigmatization | ||||
 Low | 1 | 1 |  |  |
 High |  | 0.89 (0.42, 1.87) |  |  |
Impact of HIV on one’s life | ||||
 No impact | 0.92 (0.73, 1.16) | 1.05 (0.71, 1.56) |  |  |
 Negative impact | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) | 0.99 (0.69, 1.40) |  |  |
 Positive impact | 0.91 (0.73, 1.15) | 0.98 (0.69, 1.40) |  |  |
HIV-related emotional social support | ||||
 High | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Low | 2.43*** (1.58, 3.74) | 2.59** (1.33, 5.04) | 2.49*** (1.70, 3.66) | 2.56** (1.30, 5.04) |
Satisfaction with openness about HIV | 0.99 (0.74, 1.33) | 1.44 (0.91, 2.29 | Â | Â |
Change in sense of self-esteem | 0.98 (0.77, 1.24) | 0.74 (0.48, 1.13) | Â | Â |
Change in sense of meaningfulness of life | 1.00 (0.76, 1.30) | 1.41 (0.88, 2.24) | Â | Â |