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Table 2 Descriptive statistics for variables indicating the domain-specific early mathematics, the number-specific EFs and the mathematical abilities among 6-and 7-year-old children (n6yrs = 238/n7yrs = 267/Noverall = 505) and age group differences

From: Relating mathematical abilities to numerical skills and executive functions in informal and formal schooling

Variable

Min–Max

Mean (SD)

α

6 years

7 years

6 years

7 years

All

6 years

7 years

All

The domain-specific early mathematics

Dot-Dot comparison test

0–30

0–30

18.84 (10.12)

25.24 (6.87)

22.23 (9.13)

.97

.95

.97

Dot-Number comparison test

0–30

0–30

17.36 (9.68)

23.23 (9.13)

20.46 (9.83)

.96

.97

.97

Number comparison test

0–120

0–120

49.61 (34.60)

83.44 (30.93)

67.50 (36.79)

.99

.99

.99

Mental number line

1.5–55

0–44.6

19.37 (8.21)

15.96 (8.38)

17.57 (8.46)

.76

.67

.72

The number-specific EFs

Numerical Stroop test

0–60

0–60

39.34 (17.21)

51.30 (12.94)

45.66 (16.23)

.97

.97

.97

Numerical shifting test

0–35

0–35

17.52 (9.82)

23.92 (8.85)

20.90 (9.84)

.95

.94

.95

Mathematics abilities

Number sets test

0–31

0–32

4.42 (6.27)

13.98 (9.39)

9.48 (9.37)

.94

.94

.94

Numerical operation test

0–20

0–20

2.46 (4.02)

7.61 (6.23)

5.18 (5.89)

.93

.94

.95

Variable

Skewness

Kurtosis

Group differences

(6 vs. 7 years old)

6 years

7 years

All

6 years

7 years

All

F(df)

p

Partial

η2

The domain-specific early mathematics

Dot-Dot comparison test

− 0.49

− 1.71

− 1.05

− 1.15

2.52

− 0.11

70.49 (1)

< .01

0.12

Dot-Number comparison test

− 0.28

− 1.26

− 0.71

− 1.13

0.39

− 0.80

49.16 (1)

< .01

0.09

Number comparison test

0.49

− 0.71

− 0.16

− 0.65

− 0.18

− 1.10

134.62 (1)

< .01

0.22

Mental number line

1.03

0.66

0.76

2.59

0.67

1.51

21.25 (1)

< .01

0.04

The number-specific EFs

Numerical Stroop test

− 0.79

− 2.16

− 1.29

− 0.38

4.55

0.78

78.91 (1)

< .01

0.14

Numerical shifting test

− 0.17

− 1.12

− 0.60

− 0.95

0.86

− 0.56

59.38 (1)

< .01

0.11

Mathematics abilities

Number sets test

− 0.11

0.08

0.74

− 0.96

− 1.18

− 0.72

176.49 (1)

< .01

0.26

Numerical operation test

1.44

0.42

1.07

1.09

− 1.10

− 0.14

118.35 (1)

< .01

0.19