Table 1 The two-factor structure from exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in sample I (n = 270)

Eigenvalue

5.68

1.22

Percentage of variance explained

47.37

10.18

 6. If I show signs of weakness then others will reject me

.934

− .176

 2. If I have difficulties I should not admit them to others

.755

− .104

 11. It would be a sign of weakness to show my emotions in public

.721

.086

 9. To be acceptable to others, I must keep any difficulties or negative feelings to myself

.689

.108

 3. If I lose control of my emotions in front of others, they will think less of me

.650

.156

 5. If I am having difficulties it is important to put on a brave face

.549

.157

 12. Others expect me to always be in control of my emotions

.446

.275

 1. It is a sign of weakness if I have miserable thoughts

.398

.252

 7. I should not let myself give in to negative feelings

.107

.678

 8. I should be able to cope with difficulties on my own without turning to others for support

.189

.616

 4. I should be able to control my emotions

− .092

.610

 10. It is stupid to have miserable thoughts

.191

.465