Table 1 Characteristics of studies included for primary review question (n = 43)
References Design Trial Registration Number Country | Setting | Treatment group and sample size | Comparison group and sample size | Treatment time | Primary outcomes | MMAT Section assessed under | MMAT score (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Böge et al. [28] Qualitative Germany | Inpatient | Mindfulness Based Group Therapy, n = 27 | None | 3 × 30-60 min session/week for 4 weeks | Participant experiences | 1. Qualitative | 100 |
2. Böge et al. [59] RCT NCT03671005 Germany | Inpatient | Mindfulness Based Group Therapy, n = 21 | TAU, n = 19 | 3 × 30-60 min session/week for 4 weeks | Feasibility and acceptability | 2. RCT | 100 |
3. Brown et al. [18] Qualitative USA | Outpatient rehabilitation centre | Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, n = 15 | None | 2 × 60 min session/week for 8 weeks | Participant experiences | 1. Qualitative | 50 |
4. Çetin and Aylaz [60] Non- Randomised controlled trial Turkey | Community mental health services | Mindfulness based Psychoeducation, n = 55 | TAU, n = 80 | 2 × 70 min sessions/week for 4 weeks | Insight (BCIS) | 3. Quantitative Non-Randomised | 50 |
5. Chadwick et al. [4] Pre-post study UK | Community mental health services | Mindfulness Groups for Psychosis, n = 11 | None | 1 × 90 min session/week for 6 weeks | General psychological distress (CORE) | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 100 |
6. Chadwick et al. [61] RCT UK | Community mental health services | Mindfulness Groups for Psychosis, n = 11 | Waitlist, n = 11 | 1 × 90 min session/week for 5 weeks (followed by 5 weeks home practice) | General psychological distress (CORE) | 2. RCT | 0 |
7. Chadwick et al. [62] RCT ISRCTN74054823 UK | Community mental health services | Group Person Based Cognitive Therapy, n = 54 | TAU, n = 54 | 1 × 90 min sessions/week for 12 weeks | General psychological distress (CORE) | 2. RCT | 100 |
8. Chien and Lee [63] RCT Hong Kong | Outpatient clinics | Mindfulness based Psychoeducation group program, n = 48 | TAU, n = 48 | 1 × 120 min session/2 weeks for 12 weeks | Symptom severity (BPRS) | 2. RCT | 50 |
9. (a) Chien and Thompson [64] (b) Wang et al. [65] (c) Chien et al. [66] (d) Chien et al. [67] (e) Chien et al. [68] RCT NCT01667601 Hong Kong, Taiwan and China | Outpatient clinics | Mindfulness based Psychoeducation group program, n = 114 | Conventional Psychoeducation group programme, n = 114, TAU n = 114 | 1 × 120 min session/2 weeks for 24 weeks | Re-hospitalisation and psychotic symptoms (PANSS) | 2. RCT | 50 |
10. Dannahy et al. [69] Pre-post study UK | Not stated | Person based cognitive therapy, n = 62 | None | 1 × 90 min session/week for 8–12 weeks | General psychological distress (CORE) | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 100 |
11. Davis et al. [19] Qualitative USA | Community mental health services | Mindfulness for anxiety, n = 5 | None | 2 × 60 min session/week for 8 weeks | Participant experiences | 1. Qualitative | 25 |
12. Davis et al. [20] RCT USA | Outpatient rehabilitation centre | Mindfulness intervention for rehabilitation and recovery in Schizophrenia, n = 18 | Intensive support, n = 16 | 2 × 75 min sessions/week for 8 weeks, completed twice | Feasibility and acceptability | 2.RCT | 75 |
13. Ellett et al. [70] RCT UK | Not stated | Mindfulness for psychosis, n = 14 | TAU, n = 13 | 12 sessions (duration and frequency not stated) | Feasibility and acceptability | 2. RCT | 50 |
14. (a) Hickey et al. [71] (b) Hickey et al. [72] | Community mental health services | Mindfulness and compassion program | None | 1 × 90 min sessions/week for 8 weeks | Feasibility and acceptability | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 100 |
15. Jacobsen et al. [23] Pre-post study UK | Specialist psychosis inpatient unit | Mindfulness groups for psychosis, n = 8 | None | 1 × 60 min class/week for 6 weeks | Feasibility and acceptability | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 75 |
16. Jacobsen et al. [40] Pre-post study UK | Community mental health services | Mindfulness groups for psychosis, n = 34 | None | 1 × 90 min sessions/week for 8 weeks | Stress and symptom related distress (self- report visual analogue scale) | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 100 |
17. Johnson et al. [21] Pre-post study USA | Outpatients | Loving Kindness Meditation, n = 18 | None | 1 × 60 min session/week for 6 weeks, plus one booster session 6 weeks later | Feasibility and acceptability | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 100 |
18. Jones et al. [73] Pre-post study UK | Specialist secondary mental health care service | Person-Based Cognitive Therapy, n = 95 | None | 1 × 90 min/week for 12 weeks | Engagement, outcomes, service costs | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 100 |
19. Khoury et al. [38] Pre-post study Canada | Early intervention service | Compassion, acceptance and mindfulness, n = 17 | None | 1 × 60-75 min/week for 8 weeks | Feasibility and acceptability | 4. Quantitative Descriptive 5. Mixed Methods | 100 100 |
20. Lam et al. [22] RCT NCT03632278 Hong Kong | Outpatient clinics and residential care setting | Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, n = 26 | TAU, n = 26 | 1 × 90 min session/week for 8 weeks | Emotion regulation (ERQ and SRRS) | 2. RCT | 100 |
21. Langer et al. [74] RCT Spain | Not stated | Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy, n = 11 | Waitlist, n = 12 | 1 × 60 min session/week for 8 weeks | Feasibility and psychotic symptoms (CGI-SCH) | 2. RCT | 25 |
22. Langer et al. [75] RCT ISRCTN24327446 Chile | Clinical centres | Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy, n = 24 | TAU, n = 21 | 1 × 90 min session/week for 8 weeks | Cognitive functioning | 2. RCT | 0 |
23. Lee [76] RCT Taiwan | Rehabilitations wards and daycare centres in psychiatric hospitals | Mindfulness Based Intervention, n = 30 | TAU, n = 30 | 1 × 90 min/week for 8 weeks | Psychotic symptoms (PANSS) | 2. RCT | 50 |
24. López-Navarro et al. [77] RCT Spain | Community rehabilitation centre | Integrated rehabilitation treatment and mindfulness-based intervention, n = 22 | Integrated rehabilitation treatment, n = 22 | 1 × 60 min sessions/week for 26 weeks | Health related psychological quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) | 2. RCT | 50 |
25. (a) López-Navarro et al. [78] (b) López-Navarro et al. [79] RCT ISRCTN52873519 Spain | Community rehabilitation centre | Integrated rehabilitation treatment and mindfulness-based intervention, n = 26 | Integrated rehabilitation treatment, n = 26 | 1 × 60 min sessions/week for 26 weeks | Inhibitory control (SCWT) Psychotic symptoms (PANSS) | 2. RCT | 50 |
26. MacDougall et al. [80] RCT NCT02342210 Canada | Outpatients in prevention and early intervention programme | Mindfulness Ambassador programme, n = 11 | TAU, n = 10 | 1 × 60 min session/week for 12 weeks | Feasibility and acceptability | 2. RCT | 100 |
27. Martins et al. [81] Pre-post study Portugal | Community mental health services | Compassion, mindfulness and accepting approach to psychosis, n = 7 | None | 1 × 60 min session/week for 5 weeks | Feasibility and acceptability | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 50 |
28. Mediavilla et al. [82] Pre-post study NCT03434405 Spain | Outpatients | SocialMind, n = 25 | None | 1 × 90 min session/week for 8 weeks | Feasibility and acceptability | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 100 |
29. Millar et al. [37] Pre-post study UK | Inpatient (rehabilitation wards) | Mindfulness group, n = 35 | None | 3 × 30 min session/week (open-ended) | Acceptability and participant experience | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 100 |
30. Moorhead [24] Pre-post study UK | Early intervention service | Mindfulness for psychosis, n = 19 (11 service users, 3 carers, 5 staff) | None | 1 × 60 min session/week for 8 weeks | Acceptability and general psychological distress (CORE) | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 100 |
31. Özdemir and Budak [83] RCT Turkey | Community mental health centres | Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, n = 50 | Psychoeducation, n = 50, TAU, n = 56 | 1 × 30 min session/week for 8 weeks | Hope (HHS) | 2. RCT | 50 |
32. Randal et al. [84] Pre-post study UK | Community mental health services | Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy for Psychosis, n = 21 | None | 1 × 120 min session/week for 8 weeks | Change in sense of self and experience of psychosis (repertory grids) | 4.Quantitative Descriptive | 75 |
33. Ryan et al. [85] Pre-post study Ireland | Psychiatric hospital (inpatient and outpatient) | Living Through Psychosis programme, n = 64 | None | 1 × 300 min, then 7 × 180 min sessions over 4 weeks | Feasibility, acceptability and emotion regulation (DERS) | 4.Quantitative Descriptive | 75 |
34. Samson and Mallindine [25] Pre-post study UK | Early intervention service | Mindfulness groups for psychosis, n = 10 | None | 1 × 90 min session/week for 8 weeks | Feasibility and acceptability, general psychological distress (CORE) | 4.Quantitative Descriptive | 100 |
35. Shen et al. [86] RCT ChiCTR2100043803 China | Inpatient services (rehabilitation ward) | Mindfulness Based Intervention, n = 50 | TAU, n = 50 | 5 × 45 min session/week for 6 weeks | Psychotic symptoms (PANSS) | 2. RCT | 100 |
36. Sheng et al. [46] Pre-post study ChiCTR‐OOB‐17,014,038 China | Inpatient services | Mindfulness meditation, n = 5 | None | 1 × 90 min session/week for 8 weeks (with 8 monthly follow-up sessions) | Psychotic symptoms (PANSS) | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 50 |
37. Spidel et al. [26] RCT USA + Canada | Community mental health services | Acceptance and Commitment Therapy + Mindfulness, n = 30 | TAU, n = 20 | 1 × 90 min session/week for 8 weeks | Emotional regulation and psychotic symptoms (CERQ and BPRS-E) | 2.RCT | 50 |
38. Tang et al. [87] RCT China | Inpatient | Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy, n = 31 | TAU, n = 31 | 1 × session (duration not stated)/week for 8 weeks | Self-stigma (Link’s stigma scales) | 2. RCT | 50 |
39. Ting et al. [36] Pre-post study Hong Kong | Outpatients | Mindfulness for Psychosis, n = 22 | None | 1 × 75 min session/week for 4 weeks | Feasibility and acceptability | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 100 |
40. Tong et al. [27] Pre-post study NCT02244970 Hong Kong | Early intervention services | Mindfulness Based intervention, n = 14 | None | 1 × 90 min sessions/week for 7 weeks | Depression and anxiety symptoms (DASS-21) | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 75 |
41. (a) Usher et al. [88] RCT NCT02398292 (b) Thompson et al. [29] Qual USA | Early intervention services | Meals, mindfulness, and Moving forward M3, n = 17 (n = 13 in qual study) | TAU, n = 16 | 1 × 30 min session (within longer 4 h session with varied activities)/week for 12 weeks | Attendance and participant experiences | 3. Quantitative non-randomised 5. Qualitative | 75 100 |
42. van der Valk et al. [89] Pre-post study Netherlands | Community mental health services | Mindfulness Based Intervention, n = 19 | None | 2 × 60 min session/week for 4 weeks | Psychotic symptoms (SCL-90, PANSS) | 4. Quantitative Descriptive | 75 |
43. Yulina Astuti et al. [90] Non- Randomised controlled trial Indonesia | Inpatient | Mindfulness therapy, n = 27 | TAU, n = 27 | 1 × 30 min session/week for 2 weeks | Hope (SHS-9) | 3. Quantitative non-andomised | 50 |