Table 3 Risk of bias for included studies
Study (date) | Selection bias | Performance bias | Attrition bias | Detection bias | Reporting bias | Overall bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sofronoff et al. [41] | Low | Low | Low | High | Some concerns | High |
Chalfant et al. [46] | Low | Low | High | High | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Wood et al. [47] | Low | Low | Low | High | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Sung et al. [48] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Reavan et al. [30] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
McNally Keehn et al. [49] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Storch et al. [27] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
White et al. [50] | Some concern | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
McConachie et al. [51] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Storch et al. [52] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Wood et al. [26] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Clarke et al. [53] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Conaughton et al. [28] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Luxford et al. [54] | Low | Low | Low | High | Some concerns | High |
Murphy et al. [55] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Cook et al. [31] | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | High |
Maskey et al. [56] | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Wood et al. [42] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Kilburn et al. [29] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |