Stigma toward people with COVID-19 among the Lebanese population: a cross-sectional study of correlates and mediating effects

Table 5 Mediation analysis

Step 1: Taking the stigma discrimination scale as the dependent variable and the fear from COVID-19 scale as a mediation factor
	Mediating variable			Dependent variables						Mediating effect of Fear from COVID-19
Predictors	Fear from COVID-19 scale			Stigma discrimination scale						Mediating effect of Fear from COVID-19
	Beta [LL, UL 95%CI]	t	p	Beta [LL, UL 95%CI]	t	p	Beta [LL, UL 95%CI]	t	p
Model 1: taking the Knowledge score as the independent variable
Knowledge score	.197 [− .059; .455]	1.51	.131	− .351 [− .561; − .141]	− 3.308	.001	− .35 [− .56; − .15]	− 3.39	.001	51.86
Fear from COVID-19				.130 [.035; .224]	2.694	.007

Step 2: Taking the stigma discrimination scale as the dependent variable and the anxiety from COVID-19 scale as a mediation factor
Predictors	Mediating variable			Dependent variables						Mediating effect of Anxiety from COVID-19
Predictors	COVID-19 anxiety scale			Stigma discrimination scale						Mediating effect of Anxiety from COVID-19
	Beta [LL, UL 95%CI]	t	p	Beta [LL, UL 95%CI]	t	p	Beta [LL, UL 95%CI]	t	p
Model 2: taking the Knowledge score as the independent variable
Knowledge score	− .115 [− .182; − .048]	− 3.359	.0009	− .142 [− .294: .010]	− 1.838	.067	− .35 [− .56; − .15]	− 3.39	.001	15.64
Anxiety from COVID-19				.229 [.011; .447]	2.066	.039

Step 3: Taking the stigma discrimination scale as the dependent variable and being diagnosed with COVID-19 as a mediation factor
	Mediating variable			Dependent variables						Mediating effect of being diagnosed as COVID-19
Predictors	Being diagnosed as COVID-19			Stigma discrimination scale
Predictors	Beta [LL, UL 95%CI]	t	p	Beta [LL, UL 95%CI]	t	p	Beta [LL, UL 95%CI]	t	p
Knowledge score	.01 [− .004; − .02]	1.47	.142	− .31 [− .51; − .11]	− 3.08	.002	− .35 [− .56; − .15]	− 3.39	.001	34.01
Being diagnosed as COVID-19				− 3.59 [− 5.56; − 1.62]	− 3.60	< .001

	Mediating variable			Dependent variables						Mediating effect of history of COVID-19 among the family member
Predictors	History of COVID-19 among the family member			Stigma discrimination scale
Predictors	Beta [LL, UL 95%CI]	t	p	Beta [LL, UL 95%CI]	t	p	Beta [LL, UL 95%CI]	t	p
Knowledge score	.01 [− .009; − .03]	1.19	.23	− .30 [− .48; − .11]	− 3.17	.002	− .35 [− .56; − .15]	− 3.39	.001	98.86
History of COVID-19 among the family member				− 4.14 [− 5.39; − 2.88]	− 6.51	< .001

Beta: unstandardized beta coefficient, t: is the ratio of the difference between the sample mean and the given number to the standard error of the mean
p p-value, LL lower level, UL upper level

ISSN: 2050-7283