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Table 4 Multivariable analysis

From: Stigma toward people with COVID-19 among the Lebanese population: a cross-sectional study of correlates and mediating effects

Model 1: Linear regression taking the stigma discrimination scale in the whole sample as the dependent variable

Factor

Standardized beta

Unstandardized beta

95% CI LL; UL

p-value

Fear of COVID-19

.143

.140

.047;.234

.003**

Religion Druze versus Christian

.157

2.793

1.089; 4.498

.001**

Knowledge score

 − .153

 − .236

 − .386; − .086

.002**

Marital status (married vs. single*)

.123

1.430

.306; 2.553

.013*

Variables entered: marital status, education level, religion, fear scale, anxiety scale and knowledge scale

Model 2: Linear regression taking the stigma discrimination scale in the whole sample as the dependent variable and adding the diagnosis of COVID-19 and having a family member with COVID-19 as the independent variables

 

Standardized beta

Unstandardized beta

95% CI LL; UL

p-value

History of COVID-19 in the family versus no

 − .284

 − 2.881

 − 4.289; − 1.472

 < .001***

Employed in medical field versus non-medical field

 − .410

 − 4.091

 − 5.392; − 2.790

 < .001***

Knowledge score

 − .209

 − .310

 − .490; − .131

.001**

Direct contact with suspected COVID-19 case versus no

 − .208

 − 2.000

 − 3.267; − .734

.002**

Religion Druze versus Christian

.267

2.572

1.238; 3.906

 < .001***

Religion Muslim versus Christian

.167

2.673

.654; 4.692

.010*

Diagnosed with COVID-19

 − .144

 − 2.192

 − 4.078; − .306

.023*

Marital status (married vs. single*)

.144

1.385

.143; 2.628

.029*

Variables entered: diagnosed for COVID-19, tested for COVID-19, gender, family member working in the medical field, being quarantined, marital status, education level, employment status, religion, indirect contact with COVID-19 patient, direct contact with COVID-19 patient, direct contact with suspected case, history of COVID-19 in the family, time spent on COVID-19 information, fear scale, anxiety scale, practice scale, knowledge scale

Model 3: Linear regression taking the self-stigma scale in participants who were diagnosed with COVID-19 as the dependent variable

Factor

Standardized beta

Unstandardized beta

95% CI LL; UL

p-value

Religion Muslim versus Christian

12.249

.479

5.702; 18.796

.001**

Indirect contact with COVID-19 case versus no contact

8.162

.314

1.500; 14.825

.018*

High income versus no income

 − 12.157

 − .293

 − 22.773; − 1.542

.026*

  1. Variables entered: Gender, income, employment status religion, indirect contact with COVID-19 patient, direct contact with COVID-19 patient, direct contact with suspected case, knowledge score
  2. LL lower level, UL upper level
  3. * < .05; ** < .01; *** < .001