| COVID-19 stigma discrimination | COVID-19 self-stigma | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | p value | Mean (SD) | p value | |
Ever diagnosed with COVID-19 | ||||
 No | 26.55 (5.30) | .001** |  |  |
 Yes | 23.59 (5.82) |  |  |  |
 Effect Size Cohen’s d |  − .532 |  |  |  |
Ever tested for COVID-19 | ||||
 No | 27.09 (5.40) |  < .001*** |  |  |
 Yes | 25.03 (5.22) |  |  |  |
 Effect size Cohen’s d |  − .388 |  |  |  |
Gender | ||||
 Male | 26.96 (5.11) | .185 | 32.38 (12.48) | .113 |
 Female | 26.07 (5.49) |  | 40.18 (12.16) |  |
 Effect size Cohen’s d |  − .168 |  | .633 |  |
Have a family member working in the medical field | ||||
 No | 25.97 (5.34) | .091 | 37.50 (12.55) | .389 |
 Yes | 26.98 (5.58) |  | 41.15 (12.40) |  |
 Effect size Cohen’s d | .185 |  | .293 |  |
Ever being quarantined | ||||
 No | 26.70 (5.52) | .072 | 35.17 (18.07) | .612 |
 Yes | 25.72 (5.26) |  | 39.25 (11.50) |  |
 Effect size Cohen’s d |  − .182 |  | .269 |  |
Marital status | ||||
 Single | 25.88 (5.68) | .032* | 39.90 (11.82) | .298 |
 Married | 27.05 (4.73) |  | 35.27 (14.11) |  |
 Effect size Cohen’s d | .224 |  |  − .356 |  |
Income level | ||||
 No income | 26.29 (5.50) | .989 | 41.78 (14.15) | .091 |
 Low income | 26.38 (5.11) |  | 40.43 (8.75) |  |
 Intermediate income | 26.07 (6.20) |  | 37.58 (9.19) |  |
 High income | 26.27 (4.80) |  | 24.75 (12.12) |  |
 Effect size Cohen’s d | .118 |  | .138 |  |
Education level |  |  | – |  |
 Primary | 39.00 (00) |  < .001*** | – | .277 |
 Complementary | 24.20 (6.34) |  | – |  |
 Secondary | 26.62 (4.70) |  | 44.40 (12.42) |  |
 University | 26.14 (5.37) |  | 37.86 (12.42) |  |
 Effect size Cohen’s d | .143 |  | .145 |  |
 Employment status | ||||
 Medical field | 28.22 (4.88) | .001** | 26.80 (7.76) | .012* |
 Non-medical field | 25.88 (5.44) |  | 40.31(12.16) |  |
 Effect size Cohen’s d |  − .453 |  | 1.324 |  |
Religion | ||||
 Christian | 26.49 (4.41) | .004** | 31.00 (8.49) | .02* |
 Muslim | 26.28 (5.61) |  | 43.04 (11.91) |  |
 Druze | 28.24 (5.96) |  | 23.00 (13.86) |  |
 Refuse to answer | 23.66 (4.12) |  | 36.33 (9.24) |  |
 Other | 19.50 (3.54) |  | 35.50 (.70) |  |
 Effect size Cohen’s d | .244 |  | .287 |  |
Had an indirect contact with COVID-19 a patient | ||||
 No | 26.94 (5.55) | .062 | 27.33 (15.29) | .043* |
 Do not know | 25.93 (5.58) |  | 38.50 (7.84) |  |
 Yes | 25.60 (5.16) |  | 41.22 (11.88) |  |
 Effect size Cohen’s d | .189 |  | .132 |  |
Had a direct contact with a COVID-19 patient | ||||
 No | 26.44 (5.36) | .017* | 32.75 (13.86) | .129 |
 Do not know | 28.27 (5.26) |  | 43.50 (8.29) |  |
 Yes | 25.39 (5.44) |  | 40.48 (11.92) |  |
 Effect size Cohen’s d | .147 |  | .109 |  |
Had a direct contact with a suspected COVID-19 individual | ||||
 No | 26.67 (5.69) | .032* | 33.95 (12.68) | .057 |
 Do not know | 27.17 (5.07) |  | 42.00 (4.24) |  |
 Yes | 25.22 (4.80) |  | 43.26 (11.25) |  |
History of COVID-19 in the family | ||||
 No | 27.12 (5.33) |  < .001*** | 37.22 (15.71) | .589 |
 I don’t know | 27.60 (4.58) |  | – |  |
 Yes | 23.95 (5.08) |  | 38.68 (11.65) |  |
 | .132 |  | .130 |  |
Time spent on COVID-19 information sources/day | ||||
 0–30 min | 25.99 (5.15) | .089 | 37.69 (10.79) | .544 |
  > 30 min | 27.08 (6.25) |  | 44.33 (20.16)) |  |
 Effect size Cohen’s d | .19 |  | .411 |  |
 | r | p value | r | p value |
Fear of COVID-19 scale | .127 | .010* | .193 | .227 |
COVID-19 Anxiety scale | .118 | .017* | .115 | .475 |
Practice total scale |  − .069 | .163 |  − .096 | .551 |
Attitude total scale |  − .014 | .772 | .106 | .509 |
Knowledge score |  − .109 | .028* |  − .249 | .117 |