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Table 2 Descriptive data for adolescent- and parent pain-related factors by adolescent pain group (N = 508)

From: Pain and health-related quality of life in adolescents and the mediating role of self-esteem and self-efficacy: a cross-sectional study including adolescents and parents

 

Total (N = 508)

No pain (n = 124)

Pain < 3 months (n = 236)

Persistent pain (n = 148)

p value

Adolescent characteristics

     

Physical well-being, mean (SD)a,b

47.4 (9.3)

51.2 (10.0)

47.4 (8.4)

44.2 (9.4)

< .0011,2,3

Psychological well-being, mean (SD)a,b

46.6 (8.6)

52.3 (8.2)

46.1 (7.0)

42.7 (8.6)

< .0011,2,3

Autonomy and parent relations, mean (SD)a,b

52.8 (8.7)

56.7 (9.0)

52.4 (8.0)

50.2 (8.6)

< .0011,2,3

Social support and peers, mean (SD)a,b

48.3 (8.4)

50.6 (8.3)

48.1 (8.2)

46.7 (8.6)

0.0041,2

School environment, mean (SD)a,b

48.2 (8.8)

52.5 (9.6)

47.6 (8.2)

45.6 (7.9)

< .0011,2

Self-efficacy, mean (SD)c

3.1 (0.4)

3.2 (0.4)

3.1 (0.4)

3.0 (0.4)

< .0011,2

Self-esteem, median (min, max)d

3.0 (1.0, 4.0)

3.5 (1.7, 4.0)

3.0 (1.0, 4.0)

3.0 (1.0, 4.0)

< .0011,2,3

Loneliness, median (min, max)e

12 (8, 32)

11 (8, 21)

13 (8, 32)

14 (8, 32)

< .0011,2,3

Stress, mean (SD)f

0.29 (0.16)

0.20 (0.12)

0.29 (0.15)

0.36 (0.17)

< .0011,2,3

Frequency of enough sleep N (%)g

    

< .0011,2,3

 Usually/always

329 (64.9)

101 (82.1)

152 (64.4)

76 (51.4)

 

 Sometimes/rarely

178 (35.1)

22 (17.9)

84 (35.6)

72 (48.6)

 

Problems with sleepiness N (%)h

    

< .0011,2,3

 No

213 (42.0)

81 (65.9)

98 (41.5)

34 (23.0)

 

 Yes

294 (58.0)

42 (34.1)

138 (58.5)

114 (77.0)

 

Parent characteristics

     

RAND-36 PCS, mean (SD)i

51.5 (9.0)

52.0 (8.6)

51.4 (9.1)

51.4 (9.1)

.803

RAND-36 MCS, mean (SD)i

52.4 (8.0)

53.7 (7.3)

51.8 (8.6)

52.3 (7.6)

.106

  1. Bold values indicates statistically significant differences between the groups (p ≤ 0.05)
  2. Continuous variables analyzed with ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test or Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests between pairs of groups
  3. Categorical variables analyzed with x2-test. Significant differences between the marked groups: 1No pain versus Pain < 3 months, 2No pain versus Persistent pain and 3Pain < 3 months versus Persistent pain. p values marked with bold indicate statistically significant differences between the groups (p ≤ 0.05)
  4. The pain group variable was recoded into three categories: “No pain,” “Pain < 3 months” (only once, < 1 month, 1–3 months) or “Persistent pain” (> 3 months, > 6 months, > 12 months)
  5. SD standard deviation, PCS physical component summary, MCS mental component summary
  6. aKIDSCREEN subscales
  7. bRasch scores were computed for each subscale and transformed into t-values with a mean of 50 and an SD of 10. Higher values indicate higher levels of HRQOL
  8. cRange 1–4, where higher values indicate higher levels of self-efficacy
  9. dRange 1–4, where higher values indicate higher levels of self-esteem
  10. eRange 8–32, where higher values indicate higher levels of loneliness
  11. fRange 0–1, where higher values indicate higher levels of stress
  12. gThe variable was dichotomized as “Usually/always” (usually, always) or “Sometimes/rarely” (sometimes, rarely, never)
  13. hThe variable was dichotomized as “No” or “Yes” (a slight problem, more than a slight problem, a big problem, a very big problem)
  14. iRAND-36 scores range from 0 to range 0–100, where 100 means perfect health
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BMC Psychology

ISSN: 2050-7283

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