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Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics in adolescents and their parents by adolescent pain group (N = 508)

From: Pain and health-related quality of life in adolescents and the mediating role of self-esteem and self-efficacy: a cross-sectional study including adolescents and parents

  Total (N = 508) No pain (n = 124) Pain < 3 months (n = 236) Persistent pain (n = 148) p value
Adolescent characteristics      
Gender, N (%)      < .0011,2
 Female 281 (55.3) 42 (33.9) 141 (59.7) 98 (66.2)  
 Male 227 (44.7) 82 (66.1) 95 (40.3) 50 (33.8)  
Age, median (min, max) 14.0 (14.0, 15.0) 14.0 (14.0, 15.0) 14.0 (14.0, 15.0) 1.0 (14.0, 15.0) .447
Adult members of the household, N (%)a      .204
 Both parents 381 (75.0) 99 (79.8) 176 (74.6) 106 (71.6)  
 Alternates between two parents 68 (13.4) 15 (12.1) 27 (11.4) 26 (17.6)  
 One parent and/or other caregivers 59 (11.6) 10 (8.1) 33 (14.0) 16 (10.8)  
Parents’ work status, N (%)b      .246
 Both parents are working 414 (81.5) 104 (83.9) 196 (83.1) 114 (77.0)  
 One parent is working 94 (18.5) 20 (16.1) 40 (16.9) 34 (23.0)  
School absence for the previous 3 months, N (%)c      .0162
 No absence 180 (35.4) 54 (43.5) 78 (33.1) 48 (32.4)  
 1–4 days 259 (51.0) 60 (48.4) 129 (54.7) 70 (47.3)  
 ≥ 5 days 69 (13.6) 10 (8.1) 29 (12.3) 30 (20.3)  
Parent characteristics      
Gender, N (%)      .568
 Female 393 (77.4) 95 (76.6) 179 (75.8) 119 (80.4)  
 Male 115 (22.6) 29 (23.4) 57 (24.2) 29 (19.6)  
Age, mean (SD) 45.2 (4.9) 45.4 (4.5) 45.2 (4.9) 45.2 (5.1) .923
Marital status, N (%)d      .195
 Married/cohabitant 422 (83.1) 109 (87.9) 195 (82.6) 118 (79.9)  
 Single/divorced 86 (16.9) 15 (12.1) 41 (17.4) 30 (20.3)  
Education level, N (%)e      .697
 ≤ 12 years and/or certificate of apprenticeship 127 (25.0) 28 (22.6) 59 (25.0) 40 (27.0)  
 13–15 years (< 4 years of higher education) 129 (25.4) 32 (25.8) 65 (27.5) 32 (21.6)  
 ≥ 16 years (≥ 4 years of higher education) 252 (49.6) 64 (51.6) 112 (47.5) 76 (51.4)  
Work status, N (%)      .297
 Yes, full time 375 (73.8) 83 (66.9) 181 (76.7) 111 (75.0)  
 Yes, part time 91 (17.9) 30 (24.2) 36 (15.3) 25 (16.9)  
 No, not employed 42 (8.3) 11 (8.9) 19 (8.1) 12 (8.1)  
Household income, N (%)f      .527
 ≤ 450,000 NOK/year 44 (8.7) 9 (7.3) 20 (8.5) 15 (10.1)  
 451,000–750,000 NOK/year 88 (17.3) 18 (14.5) 49 (20.8) 21 (14.2)  
 751,000–1,000,000 NOK/year 116 (22.8) 33 (26.6) 51 (21.6) 32 (21.6)  
 > 1,000,000 NOK/year 260 (51.2) 64 (51.6) 116 (49.2) 80 (54.1)  
  1. Bold values indicates statistically significant differences between the groups (p ≤ 0.05)
  2. Continuous variables analyzed with ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test or Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests between pairs of groups
  3. Categorical variables analyzed with x2-test. Significant differences between the marked groups: 1No pain versus Pain < 3 months, 2No pain versus Persistent pain and 3Pain < 3 months versus Persistent pain. p values marked with bold indicate statistically significant differences between the groups (p ≤ 0.05)
  4. The pain group variable was recoded into three categories: “No pain,” “Pain < 3 months” (only once, < 1 month, 1–3 months) or “Persistent pain” (> 3 months, > 6 months, > 12 months)
  5. SD standard deviation, PCS physical component summary, MCS mental component summary
  6. aThe variable was recoded into three categories: “Both parents,” “Alternates between two parents” or “One parent and/or other caregivers” (one parent and one step-parent, one parent, other caregivers)
  7. bThe variable was dichotomized as “Both parents are working” or “One parent is working” (one parent is working, no parents are working)
  8. cThe variable was recoded into three categories: “No absence,” “1–4 days” or “≥ 5 days” (5–7 days, 8–10 days, > 10 days)
  9. dThe variable was dichotomized as “Married/cohabitant” or “Single/divorced” (single, divorced, widowed)
  10. eThe variable was recoded into three categories: “≤ 12 years and/or certificate of apprenticeship” (9 years, 10–11 years, 12 years, certificate of apprenticeship), “13–15 years (< 4 years of higher education)” or “≥ 16 years (≥ 4 years of higher education)”
  11. fthe variable was recoded into four categories: “≤ 450,000 NOK/year” (< 250,000 NOK/year, 250,000–450,000 NOK/year), “451,000–750,000 NOK/year,” “751,000–1,000,000 NOK/year” or “> 1,000,000 NOK/year.”
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BMC Psychology

ISSN: 2050-7283

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