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Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics in adolescents and their parents by adolescent pain group (N = 508)

From: Pain and health-related quality of life in adolescents and the mediating role of self-esteem and self-efficacy: a cross-sectional study including adolescents and parents

 

Total (N = 508)

No pain (n = 124)

Pain < 3 months (n = 236)

Persistent pain (n = 148)

p value

Adolescent characteristics

     

Gender, N (%)

    

< .0011,2

 Female

281 (55.3)

42 (33.9)

141 (59.7)

98 (66.2)

 

 Male

227 (44.7)

82 (66.1)

95 (40.3)

50 (33.8)

 

Age, median (min, max)

14.0 (14.0, 15.0)

14.0 (14.0, 15.0)

14.0 (14.0, 15.0)

1.0 (14.0, 15.0)

.447

Adult members of the household, N (%)a

    

.204

 Both parents

381 (75.0)

99 (79.8)

176 (74.6)

106 (71.6)

 

 Alternates between two parents

68 (13.4)

15 (12.1)

27 (11.4)

26 (17.6)

 

 One parent and/or other caregivers

59 (11.6)

10 (8.1)

33 (14.0)

16 (10.8)

 

Parents’ work status, N (%)b

    

.246

 Both parents are working

414 (81.5)

104 (83.9)

196 (83.1)

114 (77.0)

 

 One parent is working

94 (18.5)

20 (16.1)

40 (16.9)

34 (23.0)

 

School absence for the previous 3 months, N (%)c

    

.0162

 No absence

180 (35.4)

54 (43.5)

78 (33.1)

48 (32.4)

 

 1–4 days

259 (51.0)

60 (48.4)

129 (54.7)

70 (47.3)

 

 ≥ 5 days

69 (13.6)

10 (8.1)

29 (12.3)

30 (20.3)

 

Parent characteristics

     

Gender, N (%)

    

.568

 Female

393 (77.4)

95 (76.6)

179 (75.8)

119 (80.4)

 

 Male

115 (22.6)

29 (23.4)

57 (24.2)

29 (19.6)

 

Age, mean (SD)

45.2 (4.9)

45.4 (4.5)

45.2 (4.9)

45.2 (5.1)

.923

Marital status, N (%)d

    

.195

 Married/cohabitant

422 (83.1)

109 (87.9)

195 (82.6)

118 (79.9)

 

 Single/divorced

86 (16.9)

15 (12.1)

41 (17.4)

30 (20.3)

 

Education level, N (%)e

    

.697

 ≤ 12 years and/or certificate of apprenticeship

127 (25.0)

28 (22.6)

59 (25.0)

40 (27.0)

 

 13–15 years (< 4 years of higher education)

129 (25.4)

32 (25.8)

65 (27.5)

32 (21.6)

 

 ≥ 16 years (≥ 4 years of higher education)

252 (49.6)

64 (51.6)

112 (47.5)

76 (51.4)

 

Work status, N (%)

    

.297

 Yes, full time

375 (73.8)

83 (66.9)

181 (76.7)

111 (75.0)

 

 Yes, part time

91 (17.9)

30 (24.2)

36 (15.3)

25 (16.9)

 

 No, not employed

42 (8.3)

11 (8.9)

19 (8.1)

12 (8.1)

 

Household income, N (%)f

    

.527

 ≤ 450,000 NOK/year

44 (8.7)

9 (7.3)

20 (8.5)

15 (10.1)

 

 451,000–750,000 NOK/year

88 (17.3)

18 (14.5)

49 (20.8)

21 (14.2)

 

 751,000–1,000,000 NOK/year

116 (22.8)

33 (26.6)

51 (21.6)

32 (21.6)

 

 > 1,000,000 NOK/year

260 (51.2)

64 (51.6)

116 (49.2)

80 (54.1)

 
  1. Bold values indicates statistically significant differences between the groups (p ≤ 0.05)
  2. Continuous variables analyzed with ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test or Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests between pairs of groups
  3. Categorical variables analyzed with x2-test. Significant differences between the marked groups: 1No pain versus Pain < 3 months, 2No pain versus Persistent pain and 3Pain < 3 months versus Persistent pain. p values marked with bold indicate statistically significant differences between the groups (p ≤ 0.05)
  4. The pain group variable was recoded into three categories: “No pain,” “Pain < 3 months” (only once, < 1 month, 1–3 months) or “Persistent pain” (> 3 months, > 6 months, > 12 months)
  5. SD standard deviation, PCS physical component summary, MCS mental component summary
  6. aThe variable was recoded into three categories: “Both parents,” “Alternates between two parents” or “One parent and/or other caregivers” (one parent and one step-parent, one parent, other caregivers)
  7. bThe variable was dichotomized as “Both parents are working” or “One parent is working” (one parent is working, no parents are working)
  8. cThe variable was recoded into three categories: “No absence,” “1–4 days” or “≥ 5 days” (5–7 days, 8–10 days, > 10 days)
  9. dThe variable was dichotomized as “Married/cohabitant” or “Single/divorced” (single, divorced, widowed)
  10. eThe variable was recoded into three categories: “≤ 12 years and/or certificate of apprenticeship” (9 years, 10–11 years, 12 years, certificate of apprenticeship), “13–15 years (< 4 years of higher education)” or “≥ 16 years (≥ 4 years of higher education)”
  11. fthe variable was recoded into four categories: “≤ 450,000 NOK/year” (< 250,000 NOK/year, 250,000–450,000 NOK/year), “451,000–750,000 NOK/year,” “751,000–1,000,000 NOK/year” or “> 1,000,000 NOK/year.”