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Table 4 Unstandardised betas (and 95% confidence intervals) from bivariate and multiple regression models predicting PGSI scores and SGHS scores with psychosocial correlates among heterosexual male participants and SMM participants

From: Risk and protective factors for the development of gambling-related harms and problems among Australian sexual minority men

Model: PGSI scores

Het. Men

SMM

Bivariate

Multiple

Bivariate

Multiple

(Constant)

 

− .41 (−1.29, .48)

 

− .68 (−1.65, .30)

Age (in years)

− .01 (− .03, − .00)*

− .01 (− .02, .00)

.01 (− .01, .02)

−a

Relationship (ref=single)

− .36 (− .65, − .08)*

.06 (− .15, .27)

.26 (− .14, .67)

−a

Tertiary education (ref=no)

− .20 (− .49, .09)

−a

− .03 (− .44, .38)

−a

Number of gambling activitiesb

.15 (.09, .21)***

.06 (.02, .11)*

.24 (.16, .32)***

.16 (.08, .23)***

Erroneous gambling cognitions (GRCS total score)

−

.02 (.02, .03)***

−

.02 (.01, .02)***

Erroneous gambling expectancies (GRCS subscale)

.09 (.06, .12)***

−c

.10 (.07, .13)***

−c

Illusion of control (GRCS subscale)

.10 (.07, .12)***

−c

.06 (.02, .10)**

−c

Predictive control (GRCS subscale)

.06 (.04, .08)***

−c

.04 (.02, .07)**

−c

Inability to stop gambling (GRCS subscale)

.09 (.08, .10)***

−c

.10 (.08, .12)***

−c

Interpretive bias (GRCS subscale)

.11 (.08, .12)***

−c

.09 (.05, .12)***

−c

Enjoyment/arousal expectancies (GEQ subscale)

.00 (− .02, .02)

−ac

.04 (.01, .06)**

−c

Self-enhancement expectancies (GEQ subscale)

.03 (.00, .06)*

−c

.07 (.04, .11)***

−c

Money expectancies (GEQ subscale)

− .04 (− .08, − .01)*

−c

.05 (− .01, .10)

−ac

Over-involvement expectancies (GEQ subscale)

.09 (.08, .10)***

−c

.10 (.08, .12)***

−c

Emotional impact expectancies (GEQ subscale)

.14 (.12, .16)***

−c

.10 (.06, .13)***

−c

Hazardous alcohol use (AUDIT-C)

.09 (.04, .14)***

.01 (− .03, .05)

.04 (− .03, .12)

−a

Impulsivity (UPPS-P)

.73 (.58, .88)***

.34 (.18, .49)***

.57 (.31, .83)***

.35 (.13, .57)**

Psychological distress (K6)

.08 (.06, .10)***

−c

.03 (− .00, .07)

−c

Resilience (BRS)

− .34 (− .50, − .18)***

.05 (− .09, .18)

− .17 (− .41, .07)

−a

Social support (MOS-SS total score)

−

− .09 (− .20, .01)

−

−

Emotional informational support (MOS-SS subscale)

− .22 (− .35, − .09)***

−c

− .24 (− .41, − .06)*

−c

Tangible support (MOS-SS subscale)

− .16 (− .28, − .03)*

−c

− .13 (− .30, .04)

−ac

Affectionate support (MOS-SS subscale)

− .21 (− .33, − .10)***

−c

− .11 (− .27, .05)

−ac

Positive social interaction (MOS-SS subscale)

− .23 (− .36, − .09)***

−c

− .27 (− .44, − .09)**

−c

Mainstream community connectedness

− .02 (− .05, .01)

−a

− .05 (− .09, − .00)*

− .01 (− .05, .02)

LGBTIQ community connectedness

−d

−d

− .01 (− .05, .04)

−a

Perceived stigma

−d

−d

.05 (.01, .08)*

−e

Discrimination (ref=no)

−d

−d

− .06 (− .49, .36)

−ae

R2

−

.57

−

.50

F

−

31.55***

−

23.91***

Model: SGHS scores

Het. men

SMM

Bivariate

Multiple

Bivariate

Multiple

(Constant)

 

− 3.92 (− 6.88, − .97)*

 

− 1.15 (− 5.26, 2.97)

Age (in years)

− .03 (− .07, .01)

−a

.06 (.00, .11)*

.04 (− .00, .09)

Relationship (ref=single)

− .66 (− 1.58, .26)

−a

.76 (− .51, 2.04)

−a

Tertiary education (ref=no)

− .47(− 1.45, .45)

−a

.23 (− 1.04, 1.51)

−a

Number of gambling activitiesb

.43 (.24, .61)***

.13 (− .03, .29)

.49 (.22, .76)***

.26 (.00, .53)*

Erroneous gambling cognitions (GRCS total score)

−

.06 (.04, .07)***

−

.04 (.01, .07)**

Erroneous gambling expectancies (GRCS subscale)

.22 (.13, .32)***

−c

.21 (.10, .32)***

−c

Illusion of control (GRCS subscale)

.31 (.23, .39)***

−c

.20 (.07, .34)**

−c

Predictive control (GRCS subscale)

.16 (.10, .22)***

−c

.10 (.02, .19)*

−c

Inability to stop gambling (GRCS subscale)

.28 (.24, .32)***

−c

.27 (.20, .34)***

−c

Interpretive bias (GRCS subscale)

.27 (.20, .33)***

−c

.20 (.09, .30)***

−c

Enjoyment/arousal expectancies (GEQ subscale)

− .04 (− .11, .03)

−ac

.07 (− .01, .14)

−c

Self-enhancement expectancies (GEQ subscale)

.07 (− .02, .16)

−ac

.16 (.04, .28)**

−c

Money expectancies (GEQ subscale)

− .23 (− .34, − .11)***

−c

− .02 (− .18, .15)

−ac

Over-involvement expectancies (GEQ subscale)

.27 (.23, .32)***

−c

.27 (.20, .35)***

−c

Emotional impact expectancies (GEQ subscale)

.46 (.40, .51)***

−c

.36 (.26, .46)***

−c

Hazardous alcohol use (AUDIT-C)

.30 (.13, .46)**

.08 (− .05, .22)

.19 (− .04, .41)

−a

Impulsivity (UPPS-P)

2.27 (1.77, 2.77)***

1.27 (.70, 1.83)***

1.63 (.79, 2.47)***

.93 (.13, 1.73)*

Psychological distress (K6)

.25 (.18, .32)***

−c

.13 (.03, .23)*

−c

Resilience (BRS)

− 1.11 (− 1.62, − .59)***

.07 (− .41, .54)

− .60 (− 1.35, .15)

−a

Social support (MOS-SS total score)

−

− .08 (− .44, .28)

−

− .23 (− .79, .34)

Emotional informational support (MOS-SS subscale)

− .46 (− .88, − .04)*

−c

− .78 (− 1.34, − .22)**

−c

Tangible support (MOS-SS subscale)

− .48 (− .87, − .09)*

−c

− .45 (− .98, .08)

−ac

Affectionate support (MOS-SS subscale)

− .54 (− .92, − .17)**

−c

− .46 (− .95, .04)

−ac

Positive social interaction (MOS-SS subscale)

− .59 (− 1.02, − .16)**

−c

− .93 (− 1.48, − .38)***

−c

Mainstream community connectedness

− .04 (− .14, .07)

−a

− .18 (− .33, − .04)*

− .09 (− .22, .04)

LGBTIQ community connectedness

−d

−d

− .00 (− .13, .13)

−a

Perceived stigma

−d

−d

.20 (.10, .31)***

−e

Discrimination (ref=no)

−d

−d

− .01 (− 1.33, 1.31)

−ae

R2

−

.46

−

.34

F

−

26.61***

−

8.29***

  1. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. AUDIT-C = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Consumption. BRS = The Brief Resilience Scale. GEQ = Gambling Expectancy Questionnaire. GRCS = Gambling Related Cognitions Scale. K6 = The 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. MOS-SS = The Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey. UPPS-P = The (Negative) Urgency subscale of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behaviour Scale. PGSI = Problem Gambling Severity Index. SGHS = Short Gambling Harm Screen
  2. Heterosexual group’s multiple regression model predicting PGSI scores included age, relationship status and number of gambling activities (as covariates), hazardous alcohol use, impulsivity, resilience, social support, and erroneous gambling cognitions
  3. Heterosexual group’s multiple regression model predicting SGHS scores included number of gambling activities (as a covariate), hazardous alcohol use, impulsivity, resilience, social support, and erroneous gambling cognitions
  4. SMM group’s multiple regression model predicting PGSI scores included number of gambling activities (as a covariate), impulsivity, mainstream community connectedness, and erroneous gambling cognitions
  5. SMM group’s multiple regression model predicting SGHS scores included age and number of gambling activities (as covariates), impulsivity, social support, mainstream community connectedness, and erroneous gambling cognitions
  6. aVariables not included in multiple regression analysis due to non-significant bivariate regression
  7. bNumber of gambling activities = total number of gambling activities participants had engaged with in past 12 months
  8. cVariables not included in multiple regression analysis due to multicollinearity
  9. dVariables not measured among the heterosexual participants
  10. eVariables not included due to missing data