Table 3 Logistic regression estimates for psychological distress and low SWB among older adults in India

Self-perceived income sufficiency

No income

1.52*(1.27,1.82)

1.42*(1.2,1.69)

Has income and fully sufficient

Ref

Ref

Has income and partially sufficient

2.23*(1.75,2.84)

1.96*(1.55,2.47)

Has income and not sufficient

1.72*(1.36,2.17)

1.70*(1.36,2.13)

Working status (last one year)

Never worked

1.25*(1.02,1.53)

1.18(0.97,1.43)

Currently working

Ref

Ref

Retired

0.52*(0.37,0.73)

0.52*(0.38,0.72)

Receiving pension

No

0.76*(0.63,0.93)

0.78*(0.65,0.95)

Yes

Ref

Ref

Asset ownership

No

1.34*(1.16,1.54)

1.32*(1.15,1.52)

Yes

Ref

Ref

Sex

Male

Ref

Ref

Female

0.68*(0.59,0.79)

0.76*(0.66,0.87)

Co-residing with children

No

1.05(0.93,1.20)

1.21*(1.07,1.37)

Yes

Ref

Ref

Age group (in years)

60–69

Ref

Ref

70–79

1.34*(1.18,1.53)

1.37*(1.21,1.55)

80 + 

1.81*(1.51,2.16)

1.82*(1.52,2.17)

Educational status

No education

2.17*(1.55,3.02)

2.04*(1.49,2.81)

Below 5 years

1.59*(1.14,2.22)

1.5*(1.09,2.06)

6 to 10 years

0.98(0.71,1.36)

1.05(0.77,1.44)

11 + years

Ref

Ref

Marital status

Not in union

1.16*(1.02,1.33)

1.14*(1.01,1.30)

Currently in union

Ref

Ref

Decision making power

No role

1.79*(1.44,2.23)

2.14*(1.72,2.67)

Partial decision making

1.24*(1.09,1.40)

1.31*(1.16,1.48)

Absolute role

Ref

Ref

Community involvement

No

1.44*(1.26,1.64)

1.51*(1.33,1.72)

Yes

Ref

Ref

Have someone to trust

No

1.38*(1.20,1.59)

1.56*(1.36,1.80)

Yes

Ref

Ref

Experienced economic violence

No

Ref

Ref

Yes

2.88*(2.26,3.67)

1.69*(1.33,2.15)

Chronic diseases

No

Ref

Ref

Yes

1.83*(1.61,2.07)

1.68*(1.49,1.89)

Caste

Scheduled Caste

1.21*(1.03,1.41)

1.22*(1.05,1.42)

Scheduled Tribe

0.93(0.72,1.19)

0.92(0.72,1.17)

Other Backward Class

0.98(0.84,1.15)

1.20*(1.04,1.39)

Others

Ref

Ref

Religion

Hindu

Ref

Ref

Muslims

1.18(0.94,1.48)

1.14(0.92,1.42)

Sikh

0.99(0.67,1.46)

1.07(0.77,1.50)

Others

0.96(0.70,1.33)

1.08(0.8,1.45)

Household wealth status

Poorest

1.56*(1.22,1.99)

3.01*(2.38,3.81)

Poorer

1.63*(1.30,2.04)

2.26*(1.82,2.81)

Middle

1.41*(1.14,1.76)

1.64*(1.33,2.03)

Richer

1.19(0.96,1.48)

1.39*(1.13,1.72)

Richest

Ref

Ref

Place of residence

Rural

Ref

Ref

Urban

0.93(0.82,1.05)

1.11(0.99,1.25)

State

Himachal Pradesh

Ref

Ref

Punjab

0.40*(0.29,0.57)

0.73(0.54,1.00)

West Bengal

1.83*(1.46,2.30)

4.16*(3.33,5.19)

Orissa

2.39*(1.92,2.97)

2.02*(1.61,2.52)

Maharashtra

1.12(0.89,1.41)

2.51*(2.02,3.13)

Kerala

0.83(0.64,1.07)

1.01(0.79,1.31)

Tamil Nadu

3.39*(2.68,4.29)

1.99*(1.57,2.52)