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Table 3 Regression analyses examining early life factors in relation to positive change outcomes, including the positive change total score and subscales: perspective-taking and charitable giving, social relationships, and health behaviors

From: Early life predictors of positive change during the coronavirus disease pandemic

 

b

95% CI

β

sig

Model change statistics for each step

R2

R2change

F

F sig

DV: Positive change total

        

Model 1a

        

Step 1: Gender

0.243

(− 0.241, 0.727)

.051

.324

.021

− 

1.975

.098

Race/ethnicity

− 0.455

(− 1.101, 0.191)

− .077

.167

    

Child SES

0.260

(− 0.046, 0.565)

.109

.095

    

Adult SES

0.176

(− 0.108, 0.461)

.074

.223

    

Step 2: Child negative family climate

− 0.066

(− 0.153, 0.022)

− .076

.143

.047

.026

4.968

.007

Child neighborhood disadvantage (objective)

0.432

(0.137, 0.727)

.182

.004

    

Model 1b:

        

Step 1: Gender

0.298

(− 0.189, 0.785)

.062

.230

.021

− 

1.979

.097

Race/ethnicity

− 0.766

(− 1.377, − 0.155)

− .130

.014

    

Child SES

0.156

(− 0.131, 0.444)

.066

.286

    

Adult SES

0.209

(− 0.079, 0.497)

.088

.154

    

Step 2: Child negative family climate

− 0.056

(− 0.144, 0.031)

− .065

.205

.045

.024

4.705

.010

Child neighborhood disadvantage (subjective)

0.098

(0.029, 0.168)

.153

.006

    

DV: Positive change in perspective-taking and charitable giving

        

Model 2a:

        

Step 1: Gender

0.077

(− 0.109, 0.264)

.042

.415

.013

− 

1.182

.318

Race/ethnicity

− 0.001

(− 0.250, 0.248)

− .001

.992

    

Child SES

0.139

(0.022, 0.257)

.152

.020

    

Adult SES

0.058

(− 0.052, 0.167)

.063

.300

    

Step 2: Child negative family climate

− 0.033

(− 0.067, 0.000)

− .100

.053

.047

.034

6.532

.022

Child neighborhood disadvantage (objective)

0.183

(0.069, 0.297)

.200

.022

    

Model 2b:

        

Step 1: Gender

0.101

(− 0.087, 0.288)

.055

.291

.013

− 

1.177

.320

Race/ethnicity

− 0.133

(− 0.369, 0.102)

− .059

.266

    

Child SES

0.096

(− 0.015, 0.206)

.105

.090

    

Adult SES

0.072

(− 0.039, 0.183)

.079

.203

    

Step 2: Child negative family climate

− 0.029

(− 0.063, 0.004)

− .089

.086

.045

.033

6.284

.002

Child neighborhood disadvantage (subjective)

0.042

(0.015, 0.069)

.169

.002

    

DV: Positive change in social relationships

        

Model 3a:

        

Step 1: Gender

0.120

(− 0.081, 0.322)

.061

.242

.017

− 

1.583

.178

Race/ethnicity

− 0.129

(− 0.398, 0.141)

− .053

.348

    

Child SES

0.038

(− 0.089, 0.166)

.039

.554

    

Adult SES

0.092

(− 0.027, 0.210)

.093

.128

    

Step 2: Child negative family climate

− 0.022

(− 0.059, 0.015)

− .061

.239

.041

.024

4.669

.010

Child neighborhood disadvantage (objective)

0.181

(0.058, 0.304)

.183

.004

    

Model 3b:

        

Step 1: Gender

0.138

(− 0.066, 0.341)

.069

.185

.017

− 

1.590

.176

Race/ethnicity

− 0.259

(− 0.514, − 0.003)

− .106

.047

    

Child SES

− 0.009

(− 0.129, 0.111)

− .009

.885

    

Adult SES

0.100

(− 0.021, 0.220)

.101

.104

    

Step 2: Child negative family climate

− 0.018

(− 0.055, 0.018)

− .051

.328

.034

.017

3.199

.042

Child neighborhood disadvantage (subjective)

0.034

(0.005, 0.063)

.128

.020

    

DV: Positive change in health behaviors

        

Model 4a:

        

Step 1: Gender

0.046

(− 0.214, 0.305)

.018

.729

.014

− 

1.353

.250

Race/ethnicity

− 0.325

(− 0.671, 0.021)

− .105

.066

    

Child SES

0.082

(− 0.081, 0.246)

.066

.324

    

Adult SES

0.027

(− 0.126, 0.179)

.021

.731

    

Step 2: Child negative family climate

− 0.010

(− 0.057, 0.037)

− .023

.667

.017

.002

.429

.651

Child neighborhood disadvantage (objective)

0.068

(− 0.090, 0.226)

.054

.398

    

Model 4b:

        

Step 1: Gender

0.059

(− 0.201, 0.320)

.024

.654

.015

− 

1.358

.248

Race/ethnicity

− 0.375

(− 0.701, − 0.048)

− .121

.025

    

Child SES

0.069

(− 0.084, 0.223)

.056

.375

    

Adult SES

0.037

(− 0.116, 0.191)

.030

.479

    

Step 2: Child negative family climate

− 0.009

(− 0.055, 0.038)

− .019

.713

.019

.004

.750

.473

Child neighborhood disadvantage (subjective)

0.022

(− 0.015, 0.059)

.065

.244

    
  1. b = unstandardized regression coefficient; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval for b; β = standardized regression coefficient; R2 = R-squared or variance explained for the step; R2change = change in R2 or variance explained for the step