Table 1 Sample characteristics pertaining to sociodemographic information and early life factors, including family climate and neighborhood SES in childhood, as well as positive change outcomes (n = 374)
From: Early life predictors of positive change during the coronavirus disease pandemic
n (%) | Mean (SD) | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic information:† | |||
Age (years) | – | 29.1 (0.2) | 28.6–29.5 |
Gender (% female) | 213 (57.0) | – | – |
Race/ethnicity | |||
White, NH (%) | 298 (79.7) | – | – |
Non–white (%): | 76 (20.3) | – | – |
Latino (%) | 25 (6.7) | – | – |
Black, NH (%) | 33 (8.8) | – | – |
Asian, NH (%) | 6 (1.6) | – | – |
Other, NH (%) | 12 (3.2) | – | – |
Child SES | |||
Mother, % college degree + | 172 (45.9) | – | – |
Father/partner, % college degree + | 159 (42.5) | – | – |
Income-to-needs ratio | – | 3.6 (2.3) | 0.23–13.8 |
Adult SES: | |||
Individual, % college degree + | 235 (62.8) | – | – |
Household income, % $100,000/year + | 90 (24.1) | – | – |
Early life factors‡ | |||
Child family climate | |||
Family cohesion | – | 33.8 (6.4) | (9.0–45.0) |
Family conflict | – | 31.7 (7.0) | (9.0–45.0) |
Child neighborhood | |||
Education, % without HS diploma or GED | – | 15.6 (11.2) | 1.9–76.0 |
Income, median family income | – | $76,419 (25, 958) | $26,359–$186,678 |
Employment, % unemployed or out of work force | – | 4.8 (3.1) | 0.6–26.4 |
Public assistance, % on public assistance | – | 3.9 (3.6) | 0.2–23.2 |
Poverty, % below poverty line | – | 8.8 (7.3) | 0.6–41.0 |
Perceptions of neighborhood, self-reported | – | 9.7 (3.7) | (6.0–29.0) |
Positive change outcomes:¶ | |||
Positive change total score | – | 3.6 (2.4) | 0–12 |
Perspective-taking/charitable giving subscale score | – | 1.2 (0.9) | 0–4 |
More appreciative of things usually taken for granted (%) | 264 (70.6) | – | – |
Volunteered to help people in need (%) | 29 (7.8) | – | – |
Donated time or goods to cause related to the disease (%) | 52 (13.9) | – | – |
Found greater meaning in work, employment, or school (%) | 99 (26.5) | – | – |
Social relationships subscale score | – | 1.2 (1.0) | 0–3 |
More quality time with family or friends (%) | 243 (65.0%) | – | – |
Improved relationships with family or friends (%) | 152 (40.6%) | – | – |
New connections made with supportive people (%) | 69 (18.4%) | – | – |
Health behaviors subscale score | – | 1.2 (1.2) | 0–5 |
Increased exercise or physical activity (%) | 101 (27.0%) | – | – |
Paid more attention to personal health (%) | 168 (44.9%) | – | – |
Ate healthier foods (%) | 117 (31.3%) | – | – |
Used less alcohol or substances (%) | 48 (12.8%) | – | – |
Spent less time on screens or devices outside of work (%) | 23 (6.1%) | – | – |