Maternal anxiety and depression and their associations with mother–child pretend play: a longitudinal observational study

Table 5 Coding scheme for mother–child pretend play

Mother	Child	Description		Examples
Pretend play	Pretend play	Sound	Mimic the sound of an animal	Making the sound of a pig (or monkey, tiger) while holding a puppy pig (or monkey, tiger)
			Mimic the sound of a vehicle	Making the sound of a car while moving a toy car
			Mimic the sound of a person	Making the sound as if crying while at the same time smiling
		Speech	Suggest or narrate a pretend action	“Shall we pretend they are eating?”
			Suggest or narrate a pretend action	“This is our lunch”
			Suggest or narrate a pretend property	“Is it yummy?” (after play partner pretending to drink milk from an empty cup)
			Suggest or narrate a pretend property	“This (the toy sandwich) is tasty”
			Suggest or narrate an imaginary object	“What’s in your cup? juice?” (the cup is empty)
			Suggest or narrate an imaginary object	“There is a monster”
			Use an obviously different voice to speak	Talking in a way as if it is another person speaking
		Behaviour	Use a puppy to act out pretend behaviour	Moving puppy in a way that a clear action (e.g., eating, drinking) is acted out
			Manipulate a toy to act out pretend behaviour	Pour a toy teapot as if pouring tea to the cup
			Manipulate a toy to act out pretend behaviour	Use one’s toy cup to touch play partner’s toy cup as if cheering
			Use one’s own body to act out pretend behaviour	Moving one’s hands as if chopping/eating food
Not pretend	Not pretend	No clear pretend sound, speech or behaviour is observed		Putting puppy on fingers without talking or acting

ISSN: 2050-7283