Table 1 Cohort demographics and COVID-19 exposure including impact on life; and differences between Germany and the UK
| Whole sample | UK | Germany | Chi2/Wilcox for country comparison: UK versus GER | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 858 | 239 | 541 |
X-squared = 118.2, df = 1, p value < 0.001*** | |
| Age | 43.27 years (SD15.4) | 39.01 years (SD16.0) | 45.36 years (SD14.8) |
Wilcox: 48,386 p value < 0.001*** | |
| Gender | Female | 71.6% | 73.6% | 71.2% |
X-squared = 0.36, df = 2, p value = 0.8 |
| Male | 25.4% | 24.3% | 25.9% | ||
| Diverse | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.6% | ||
| Missing | 2.5% | 1.7% | 2.4% | ||
| Education | School leavers | 0.1% | 0.4% | – |
X-squared = 69.3, df = 7, p value < 0.001*** |
| 8 years—A-levels | 14.3% | 19.2% | 13.1% | ||
| Professional college or bachelor | 24.3% | 31.8% | 21.6% | ||
| Masters or higher | 60.1% | 47.3% | 64.9% | ||
| Missing | 1.2% | 1.3% | 0.4% | ||
| Children at home (max.18 years) | Yes | 28.1% | 21.1% | 30.7% |
X-squared = 7.83, df = 1, p value = 0.005** |
| Missing | 2.0% | 1.6% | 2.6% | ||
| COVID19 exposure | |||||
| Suspected infection | Positive test | 0.1% | – | 0.2% |
X-squared = 7.25, df = 3, p value = 0.06 |
| Diagnosis | 1.3% | 2.5% | 0.7% | ||
| Symptoms | 15.6% | 18.8% | 14.2% | ||
| No infection | 82.2% | 78.7% | 83.9% | ||
| Missing | 0.8% | – | 0.9% | ||
| Symptoms | Fever | 8.5% | 10.0% | 8.0% |
X-squared = 1.04, df = 1, p value = 0.3 (based on ‘no symptoms’) |
| Cough | 17.1% | 21.3% | 15.5% | ||
| Shortness of breath | 9.4% | 10.0% | 9.8% | ||
| Sore throat | 21.2% | 23.4% | 19.9% | ||
| Fatigue | 27.4% | 28.5% | 27.7% | ||
| Lost smell/taste | 2.9% | 4.2% | 2.2% | ||
| Infected eyes | 3.7% | 3.8% | 3.5% | ||
| Other symptoms | 6.3% | 6.3% | 6.7% | ||
| No symptoms | 55.2% | 51.9% | 55.8% | ||
| Contact to people with potential infection | Positive test | 7.8% | 3.3% | 9.8% |
X-squared = 1.14, df = 1, p value = 0.3 (based on ‘no contact’) |
| Diagnosis | 2.1% | 5.4% | 0.6% | ||
| Symptoms | 12.8% | 17.2% | 11.7% | ||
| No contact | 78.1% | 74.9% | 78.4% | ||
| Impact on work and financial situation | |||||
| Impact on work | Home office | 48.7% | 50.6% | 46.8% |
X-squared = 2.39, df = 1, p value = 0.1 (based on ‘no change’) |
| Reductions of hours | 7.1% | 6.7% | 7.4% | ||
| Unpaid leave | 2.6% | 3.4% | 2.4% | ||
| Overtime/negative hoursa | 7.7% | 1.3% | 11.3% | ||
| Lost job | 3.9% | 2.9% | 3.7% | ||
| No change | 16.1% | 13.0% | 17.4% | ||
| Impact on family | Infected | 5.8 | 10.5% | 4.4% |
X-squared = 38.3, df = 1, p value < 0.001*** (based on ‘no impact’) |
| Hospitalised | 1.8% | 1.7% | 2.0% | ||
| Death | 1.3% | 3.8% | 0.4% | ||
| Quarantine, symptoms | 15.3% | 23.9% | 12.2% | ||
| Quarantine, no symptoms | 7.5% | 14.6% | 4.6% | ||
| Reduced working hours | 16.7% | 26.4% | 12.6% | ||
| Lost job | 6.8% | 10.9% | 4.4% | ||
| No impact | 65.9% | 49.0% | 71.9% | ||
| Financial impact of COVID-19 | No impact | 54.0% | 46.0% | 58.8% |
X-squared = 19.2, df = 4, p value < 0.001*** |
| Slight | 16.4% | 23.4% | 12.8% | ||
| Moderate | 13.3% | 11.7% | 12.8% | ||
| Big | 12.6% | 15.9% | 11.7% | ||
| Extreme | 3.3% | 2.9% | 3.3% | ||
| Missing | 0.5% | – | 0.7% | ||
| Not enough money for food | Yes | 2.9% | 2.9% | 3.1% |
X-squared = 0.03, df = 1, p value = 0.8 |
| Missing | 1.1% | 1.0% | 1.0% | ||
| Personal judgement of the situation | |||||
| Are the restrictions stressful? | Not at all | 13.5% | 11.3% | 14.8% |
X-squared = 6.3, df = 4, p value = 0.2 |
| Slightly | 26.8% | 29.3% | 26.3% | ||
| Moderately | 27.6% | 25.5% | 28.1% | ||
| Very | 20.5% | 24.3% | 18.7% | ||
| Extremely | 11.3% | 9.2% | 12.2% | ||
| Missing | 0.2% | 0.4% | – | ||
| How concerned are you about your life stability? | Not at all | 34.6% | 46.4% | 30.5% | X-squared = 21.7,df = 4, p value < 0.001*** |
| Slightly | 23.4% | 22.2% | 23.8% | ||
| Moderately | 19.1% | 14.2% | 21.3% | ||
| Very | 15.4% | 10.9% | 17.2% | ||
| Extremely | 6.8% | 5.0% | 6.8% | ||
| Missing | 0.7% | 1.3% | 0.4% | ||
| How hopeful are you of a soon end of the pandemic in your region of residence? | Not at all | 17.1% | 14.2% | 17.9% |
X-squared = 28.824, df = 4, p value < 0.001*** |
| Slightly | 32.1% | 27.6% | 34.9% | ||
| Moderately | 28.6% | 25.2% | 30.1% | ||
| Very | 14.7% | 19.7% | 12.8% | ||
| Extremely | 7.6% | 13.0% | 4.3% | ||
| Does the pandemic have any positive impact on your personal life? | No | 35.0% | 31.0% | 36.4% | X-squared = 14.225, df = 2, p value < 0.001*** |
| Few | 35.6% | 29.3% | 37.7% | ||
| Some | 29.1% | 38.9% | 25.9% | ||
| Missing | 0.4% | 0.8% | – | ||
| Mental and physical health status | |||||
| Self-rated mental health, before COVID-19 | Excellent | 15.0% | 14.2% | 15.3% |
X-squared = 34.938, df = 4, p value < 0.001**** |
| Very good | 32.4% | 21.8% | 37.0% | ||
| Good | 28.7% | 30.1% | 28.3% | ||
| Fair | 16.4% | 21.3% | 14.6% | ||
| Poor | 5.8% | 11.3% | 3.3% | ||
| Missing | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.5% | ||
| Regular treatment for mental illness, before pandemic | Yes | 13.3% | 17.6% | 10.1% |
X-squared = 8.7436, df = 1, p value = 0.003** |
| Missing | 11.4% | 13.4% | 7.2% | ||
| Continuation of treatment during pandemic | More | 2.3% | 3.6% | 1.0% |
X-squared = 5.3799, df = 2, p value = 0.07 |
| Less | 12.5% | 13.6% | 11.5% | ||
| Same | 85.3% | 82.8% | 87.8% | ||
| Self-rated physical health, before pandemic | Excellent | 12.1% | 13.0% | 11.3% |
X-squared = 1.5322, df = 4, p value = 0.8 |
| Very good | 33.1% | 32.2% | 33.3% | ||
| Good | 33.9% | 31.8% | 35.7% | ||
| Fair | 16.3% | 17.2% | 15.5% | ||
| Poor | 3.2% | 3.8% | 3.3% | ||
| Missing | 1.4% | 2.1% | 1.0% | ||
| Regular treatment for physical illness, before pandemic | Yes | 19.5% | 18.4% | 20.2% |
X-squared = 0.0008792, df = 1, p value = 1 |
| Missing | 11.6% | 14.6% | 7.0% | ||
| Continuation of treatment during pandemic | More | 1.0% | 1.8% | – |
X-squared = 5.7522, df = 2, p value = 0.056 |
| Less | 14.1% | 14.3% | 14.4% | ||
| Same | 85.0% | 83.9% | 85.6% | ||