Vision loss, vision difficulty and psychological distress in South Africa: results from SANHANES-1

BMC Psychology

Table 3 Multiple regression showing association of self-reported vision difficulty and vision loss with psychological distress^a

	Model 1^b		Model 2^c		Model 3^d		Model 4^e
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Self-reported myopia
None	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
Mild	1.9	1.3–2.7	1.9	1.3–2.7	1.7	1.2–2.5	1.9	1.3–2.7
Moderate	2.6	1.7–3.9	2.7	1.8–4.0	2.3	1.5–3.4	2.4	1.6–3.7
Severe/extreme/unable	4.2	2.2–7.7	3.9	2.1–7.2	3.2	1.6–6.3	3.6	1.8–7.3
Self-reported hyperopia
None	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
Mild	1.8	1.3–2.7	1.8	1.3–2.5	1.6	1.1–2.3	1.7	1.2–2.5
Moderate	2.4	1.6–3.7	2.5	1.6–4.0	2.2	1.3–3.5	2.4	1.5–3.8
Severe/extreme/unable	3.7	2.2–6.4	3.8	2.1–6.8	3.3	1.7–6.2	3.5	1.8–6.8
Clinician assessed vision loss
Normal	Ref	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Loss of vision	1.1	0.8–1.5	1.1	0.8–1.5	1	0.8–1.4	1	0.7–1.4

^aDefined as a score of 20 or more on the Kessler Psychological Distress scale. ^bAdjusted for age, sex, and population group. ^cModel 1 plus education, wealth quintile and urban/rural residence. ^dModel 2 plus tobacco smoking status, hazardous alcohol drinking, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, cardiac disease and lifetime experience of traumatic event(s). ^eModel 3 plus use of a visual aid and years since last eye examination
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval

ISSN: 2050-7283