Table 1 Description of the sample
From: Vision loss, vision difficulty and psychological distress in South Africa: results from SANHANES-1
| Â | % | 95% CI | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
Total | 100 | Â | 6859 |
Demographic characteristics | Â | ||
Sex | Â | ||
 Males | 39.2 | 37.6–40.8 | 2415 |
 Females | 60.8 | 59.2–62.4 | 4444 |
Age (Mean, SE) | 38.4 | 0.35 | Â |
 15–44 years | 66.3 | 64.5–68.0 | 4062 |
 45–54 years | 13.8 | 12.6–15.0 | 1082 |
 55–64 years | 10.3 | 9.3–11.4 | 908 |
 ≥ 65 years | 9.7 | 8.5–11.1 | 807 |
Population group | Â | ||
 African | 83.6 | 80.5–86.3 | 4886 |
 White | 4.3 | 2.8–6.3 | 142 |
 Coloured (Mixed-race) | 10.7 | 8.6–13.2 | 1471 |
 Indian | 1.5 | 1.0–2.1 | 329 |
Socioeconomic characteristics | Â | ||
Highest Education | |||
 No formal schooling/Gr 0–7 | 30.4 | 28.0–32.9 | 2189 |
 Grade 8–12 (or equivalent) | 62.5 | 60.1–64.8 | 3813 |
 Higher education | 7.1 | 5.7–8.9 | 338 |
Wealth index | Â | ||
 Lowest (1) | 24.2 | 20.6–28.2 | 1347 |
 2 | 23.2 | 20.7–25.9 | 1282 |
 3 | 22.5 | 19.9–25.4 | 1274 |
 4 | 16.5 | 14.1–19.1 | 1029 |
 Highest (5) | 13.5 | 10.7–16.9 | 688 |
Residence | Â | ||
 Rural | 44.5 | 38.6–50.6 | 2977 |
 Urban | 55.5 | 49.4–61.4 | 4465 |
Health status variables | Â | ||
Tobacco smoking | |||
 Never smoker | 79.6 | 77.8–81.2 | 5208 |
 Ex-smoker | 4.3 | 3.6–5.1 | 268 |
 Current smoker | 16.2 | 14.6–17.8 | 1280 |
Hazardous alcohol use | 18.6 | 16.8–20.5 | 1215 |
Diabetes | 6.5 | 5.8–7.3 | 519 |
Hypertension | 32.7 | 30.9–34.5 | 2552 |
Cardiac disease | 10.3 | 9.2–11.5 | 688 |
Lifetime experience of ≥ 1 traumatic event | 22.5 | 19.9–25.3 | 1327 |
Eye care variables | Â | ||
Uses eye glasses or contact lenses | 17.9 | 15.9–20.1 | 1217 |
Years since eyes examined | Â | Â | Â |
 < 1 year | 6.1 | 4.9–7.6 | 354 |
 1–2 years | 8.8 | 7.5–10.2 | 592 |
 3–5 years | 4.4 | 3.7–5.2 | 323 |
 > 5 years | 3.3 | 2.7–4.0 | 220 |
 Never | 62.9 | 59.8–65.8 | 4134 |
 Don't know | 14.5 | 12.4–17.0 | 1025 |
Self-reported distance visual impairment | Â | ||
 None | 80.3 | 78.6–81.9 | 5209 |
 Mild | 9.1 | 8.2–10.2 | 644 |
 Moderate | 7 | 6.2–7.9 | 482 |
 Severe/Extreme/unable | 3.5 | 2.8–4.4 | 252 |
Self-reported near visual impairment | Â | ||
 None | 80.2 | 78.7–81.8 | 5206 |
 Mild | 10 | 9.0–11.1 | 708 |
 Moderate | 6.3 | 5.5–7.3 | 428 |
 Severe/Extreme/unable | 3.4 | 2.8–4.2 | 245 |
Clinician assessed vision loss | 10.7 | 9.2–12.3 | 835 |