Perceived stress in the time of COVID-19: the association with brooding and COVID-related rumination in adults with and without migraine

Table 3 Multiple linear regression model with subtypes of rumination explaining perceived stress, after controlling for gender, age, headache status and headache disability

Model	Predictors	β	p	R²
1	Gender	− .029	.762	.012
	Age	− .067	.458
	Migraine/HC	− .080	.459
	MIDAS	.034	.737
2	Gender	− .091	.315	.138
	Age	− .036	.668
	Migraine/HC	− 0.45	.656
	MIDAS	.032	.734
	CRS	.364	< .001
3	Gender	− .049	.548	.308
	Age	.004	.957
	Migraine/HC	.034	.711
	MIDAS	.117	.182
	CRS	.260	.001
	RRS brooding	.448	< .001
	RRS reflection	− .050	.536
4	Gender	− .039	.644	.313
	Age	.009	.909
	Migraine/HC	.042	.650
	MIDAS	.125	.155
	CRS	.255	.002
	RRS brooding	.373	.002
	RRS reflection	− .053	.512
	RRS brooding * Migraine/HC	.105	.365

n = 132
RRS Ruminative Response Scale, CRS COVID-related Rumination Scale, PSS Perceived Stress Scale, MIDAS Migraine Disability Assessment

ISSN: 2050-7283