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Table 4 Factors associated with psychological distress during COVID-19

From: Self-reported psychological distress during the COVID-19 outbreak in Nepal: findings from an online survey

Background characteristics

At least one symptom

Two or more symptoms

Unadjusted

Adjusteda

Unadjusted

Adjusteda

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Sex

    

 Male

0.79* (0.66–0.96)

0.80* (0.65–0.99)

0.81* (0.67–0.99)

0.81 (0.65–1.02)

 Age

0.98*** (0.97–0.99)

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

0.98*** (0.97–0.99)

1.00 (0.98–1.01)

Marital status

    

 Unmarried

    

 Married

0.81* (0.67–0.98)

1.05 (0.81–1.36)

0.76** (0.62–0.92)

0.96 (0.73–1.26)

Children under 2 years and pregnancy in the household

    

 Neither

    

 Pregnancy only

0.95 (0.65–1.38)

0.88 (0.59–1.32)

1.06 (0.71–1.58)

0.99 (0.64–1.52)

 Children under 2 years only

1.11 (0.88–1.40)

1.00 (0.77–1.29)

1.18 (0.92–1.51)

1.07 (0.81–1.40)

 Pregnancy and children under 2 years

1.23 (0.87–1.74)

1.18 (0.81–1.71)

1.00 (0.69–1.45)

0.92 (0.62–1.38)

Current residence

    

 Own house

    

 Rented room/house

1.54*** (1.28–1.85)

1.56*** (1.28–1.91)

1.50*** (1.24–1.82)

1.54*** (1.24–1.90)

Occupation

    

 Agriculture/labour/household work

    

 Service

0.37*** (0.26–0.52)

0.58** (0.40–0.85)

0.36*** (0.26–0.51)

0.61** (0.42–0.87)

 Business

0.42*** (0.27–0.65)

0.68 (0.43–1.08)

0.50*** (0.32–0.76)

0.89 (0.56–1.42)

 Health worker

0.29*** (0.20–0.42)

0.42*** (0.28–0.62)

0.30*** (0.20–0.43)

0.45*** (0.30–0.68)

 Student

0.70 (0.47–1.03)

0.74 (0.48–1.14)

0.78 (0.54–1.13)

0.80 (0.53–1.23)

 Other

0.57** (0.38–0.84)

0.83 (0.54–1.26)

0.61** (0.41–0.89)

0.90** (0.59–1.36)

Family monthly income

    

 Less than 10,000

    

 10,000–20,000

0.65** (0.47–0.91)

0.72 (0.51–1.02)

0.56*** (0.41–0.76)

0.60** (0.43–0.83)

 20,001–50,000

0.32*** (0.24–0.44)

0.42*** (0.30–0.59)

0.26*** (0.19–0.35)

0.34*** (0.24–0.47)

 Above 50,000

0.22*** (0.16–0.30)

0.29*** (0.20–0.41)

0.19*** (0.14–0.27)

0.25*** (0.18–0.36)

Province

    

 Province 1

    

 Province 2

1.71** (1.09–2.68)

1.80* (1.12–2.89)

1.71* (1.10–2.66)

1.79* (1.12–2.87)

 Bagmati Province (only Capital city)

0.83 (0.60–1.16)

0.88 (0.59–1.31)

0.85 (0.60–1.19)

0.97 (0.64–1.49)

 Bagmati Province (excluding Capital city)

0.59* (0.39–0.91)

0.62* (0.39–0.98)

0.53** (0.33–0.84)

0.57* (0.34–0.94)

 Gandaki Province

0.76 (0.51–1.13)

0.83 (0.53–1.30)

0.58* (0.38–0.90)

0.68 (0.41–0.11)

 Province 5

0.71 (0.48–1.07)

0.80 (0.53–1.22)

0.71 (0.46–1.09)

0.81 (0.51–1.28)

 Karnali Province

1.00 (0.65–1.54)

1.03 (0.63–1.68)

1.08 (0.69–1.68)

1.21 (0.72–1.02)

 Sudurpashchim Province

0.98 (0.64–1.48)

1.02 (0.66–1.57)

1.06 (0.69–1.64)

1.13 (0.72–1.79)

Ecological zone

    

 Hill/mountain

    

 Terai

1.08 (0.90–1.31)

0.99 (0.75–1.32)

1.19 (0.98–1.45)

1.12 (0.83–1.52)

  1. OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval
  2. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
  3. aadjusted for sex, marital status, children under 2 years and pregnancy in the household, current residence, occupation and family monthly income
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