What are the effects of supporting early parenting by newborn behavioral observations (NBO)? A cluster randomised trial

Table 2 Change from baseline to first and second follow-up of outcomes in the intervention and comparison group

	Mean change from baseline to follow-up
	n	Intervention	Comparison	Difference (95% CI)		P-value
Follow-up 3 months postpartum
Maternal Confidence KPCS^a (0–45)	1133	0.86	0.91	0.10	(−0.48, 0.69)	0.73
Major Depression Inventory MDI^b (0–30)	1519	−0.68	− 0.44	− 0.39	(−1.45, 0.70	0.46
Mother and Baby Interaction Scale MABISC^b (0–40)	1125	−1.04	−0.79	− 0.27	(− 0.62, 0.09)	0.14
Ages & Stages Questionnaire ASQ:SE^b (0–15)	1178	0.29	0.29	0.00	(−0.09, 0.09)	0.98
Follow-up 9 months postpartum
Maternal Confidence KPCS^a (0–45)	1133	1.04	0.99	0.07	(−0.68, 0.83)	0.84
Major Depression Inventory MDI^b (0–30)	1125	−0.17	0.07	−0.68	(−2.09, 0.74)	0.35
Mother and Baby Interaction Scale MABISC^b (0–40)	1125	−1.80	−1.87	−0.15	(−0.67, 0.31)	0.58
Ages & Stages Questionnaire ASQ:SE^b (0–15)	1178	−0.44	−0.36	− 0.08	(− 0.20, 0.04)	0.21

Note; ^ahigh score favourable, ^blow score favourable. Pp: postpartum. (95% CI): 95% confidence interval. The difference is estimated by mixed-effects regression adjusted for clustering, parity, education, single living, and preterm birth.

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