Table 1 Summary of key study variables and measurement tools, and assessment time points administered
Variable | Measure | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Parenting capacity outcomes | ||||
Positive parenting | Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System – Labeled Praise | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Negative parenting | Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System – Negative Talk | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Parenting sensitivity | NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development: Sensitivity Scales | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Sense of competence in managing negative toddler emotions | Coping with Toddler’s Negative Emotions Scale (CTNES) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Caregiving helplessness | Care-Giving Helplessness Questionnaire (CHQ) - ‘mother helpless’ subscale | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Risk of abuse | Brief Child Abuse Potential Inventory (BCAP) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Mentalizing about the child | Mind-mindedness rating system | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Emotion regulation | Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Parenting stress | Parenting Stress Index–Short Form (PSI-SF) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Child outcomes | ||||
Social-emotional functioning | Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Child emotion regulation maturity | Observational 5-min ‘child frustration task’ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Attachment security | Attachment Q-sort (AQS) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | |
Child externalizing behaviour | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/1.5–5) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |