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Table 5 Hierarchical linear regression analysis of independent factors correlated to anxiety symptoms

From: Prevalence of depression and anxiety and correlations between depression, anxiety, family functioning, social support and coping styles among Chinese medical students

Variables

Model 1(β)

Model 2(β)

Model 3(β)

Model 4(β)

Model 1

 Gender:Male (ref:female)

0.008

−0.01

0.02

−0.16

0.459

 Age

0.099

0.134

0.139

0.119

0.145

 Grade

0.782**

0.924**

0.923**

0.92**

0.884**

 Race/Ethnicity:Han nationality (ref: Minority ethic group)

0.684

0.602

0.569

0.665

0.375

 Place of Residence:Urban (ref:rural)

−0.793*

−0.644

− 0.687*

− 0.705*

− 0.855*

 Housing:In student residence facility (ref:alone)

−2.696**

−2.755**

−2.73**

−2.622**

− 2.812**

 Housing:with friends (ref:alone)

−3.788**

−3.612**

−3.536**

− 3.365**

− 3.576**

 Housing:with family (ref:alone)

−2.376**

−2.407**

− 2.36**

− 2.288**

− 2.469**

 Only child in the family: Yes (ref:no)

0.34

0.364

0.291

0.331

0.247

 Family characteristics: Multi-generational family (ref:core family)

0.171

0.235

0.221

0.267

0.193

 Family characteristics: Single parent family (ref:core family)

−0.104

−0.122

− 0.141

− 0.238

− 0.009

 Family characteristics: Remarried family (ref:core family)

− 1.685*

−1.695*

− 1.684*

− 1.659*

−1.635*

 Household income per month: RMB 5000–10,000(ref:<RMB 5000)

−0.132

− 0.157

− 0.171

−0.239

− 0.118

 Household income per month:>RMB 10000(ref:<RMB 5000)

−0.613

− 0.89

−0.848

− 0.819

−0.979

 Paternal education: Primary school (ref:illiteracy)

− 0.877

− 0.993

− 1.047

− 1.131*

− 0.897

 Paternal education: Secondary school (ref:illiteracy)

− 1.391*

−1.423*

− 1.471**

−1.519**

− 1.152*

 Paternal education: College and above (ref:illiteracy)

−1.834*

− 1.67

−1.704

− 1.44

−1.47

 Maternal education: Primary school (ref:illiteracy)

0.302

0.25

0.253

0.214

0.285

 Maternal education: Secondary school (ref:illiteracy)

0.487

0.579

0.591

0.531

0.685

 Maternal education: College and above (ref:illiteracy)

2.357*

2.525**

2.562**

2.532**

2.243*

 Paternal occupation: Mental workers (ref: Manual workers)

0.172

0.065

0.06

0.187

0.034

 Maternal occupation: Mental workers (ref: Manual workers)

−0.683

− 0.771*

−0.778*

− 0.7

− 0.839*

 Paternal health condition

− 0.259

− 0.263

− 0.253

−0.139

− 0.307**

 Maternal health condition

−0.129

− 0.217

−0.242

− 0.213

−0.318

 Parents’ way of raising you: Authoritarian (ref:democracy)

1.884**

1.425**

1.383**

1.385**

1.325

 Parents’ way of raising you: Laissez-faire (ref:democracy)

0.545

0.199

0.159

0.282

0.109

 Parents care about you

1.45**

0.995**

0.971**

1.017**

0.996**

 Financial burden during the study

−0.503*

−0.42

− 0.41

−0.357

− 0.455

 Expectations of parents (or family members)

0.725*

0.672*

0.673*

0.632*

0.698*

 Physical exercise

0.298

0.387

0.417

0.368

0.559*

 Appetite status

1.206**

1.128**

1.124**

1.067**

1.11**

 Sleep quality

1.341**

1.287**

1.247**

1.17**

1.22**

 Study-induced stress

−1.395**

−1.315**

−1.312**

− 1.388**

− 1.053**

 Employment pressure

−0.996**

−0.903**

− 0.892**

− 0.848**

− 0.668**

 Self-conceived character: Neutral  (ref:introvert)

− 1.908**

− 1.713**

− 1.698**

−1.574**

− 1.533**

 Self-conceived character: Extrovert (ref:introvert)

−1.523**

− 1.318**

−1.261**

− 0.965*

− 1.126*

 Having chronic disease: Yes (ref:no)

0.892

0.909

0.94

0.936

0.833

 Satisfaction of specialty

0.216

0.043

0.012

0.021

−0.042

 Relationship with lovers

0.769**

0.763**

0.815**

0.682**

0.863**

 Relationship with classmates or friends

2.138**

1.839**

1.782**

1.557**

1.731**

Model 2

 Family function

 

−0.609**

−0.589**

−0.557

−0.451**

Model 3

 Social support

  

−0.047*

−0.011

−0.041

Model 4

 Positive coping

   

−0.151**

 

 Negative coping

    

0.227**

F

14.935**

16.794**

16.517**

17.662**

19.189**

R2

0.229

0.255

0.256

0.274

0.291

ΔR2

0.229

0.026

0.002

0.018

0.035

  1. *p<0.05
  2. **p<0.01