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Table 4 Hierarchical linear regression analysis of independent factors correlated to depression symptoms

From: Prevalence of depression and anxiety and correlations between depression, anxiety, family functioning, social support and coping styles among Chinese medical students

Variables

Model 1(β)

Model 2(β)

Model 3(β)

Model 4(β)

Model 1

 Gender:Male (ref:female)

−0.446

− 0.452

− 0.43

− 0.469

− 0.006

 Age

0.108

0.12

0.123

0.119

0.129

 Grade

0.973**

1.02**

1.019**

1.018**

0.98**

 Race/Ethnicity:Han nationality (ref: Minority ethic group)

0.176

0.15

0.125

0.146

0.068

 Place of Residence:Urban (ref:rural)

0.411

0.46

0.429

0.425

0.262

 Housing: In student residence facility (ref:alone)

−1.18

−1.2

− 1.182

− 1.159

− 1.263

 Housing:with friends (ref:alone)

−2.237*

−2.179

− 2.124

−2.087

− 2.164

 Housing:with family (ref:alone)

−1.487

− 1.498

− 1.464

−1.448

− 1.572

 Only child in the family: Yes (ref:no)

0.064

0.072

0.019

0.028

0.025

 Family characteristics: Multi-generational family (ref:core family)

−0.665

− 0.644

− 0.653

− 0.643

− 0.682

 Family characteristics: Single parent family (ref:core family)

−1.035

−1.041

− 1.054

− 1.075

− 0.923

 Family characteristics: Remarried family (ref:core family)

−0.217

− 0.22

− 0.212

− 0.206

− 0.164

 Household income per month: RMB 5000–10,000(ref:<RMB 5000)

− 1.266*

−1.274*

− 1.284*

−1.299*

− 1.232*

 Household income per month:>RMB 10000(ref:<RMB 5000)

−0.846

− 0.937

− 0.906

− 0.9

− 1.036

 Paternal education: Primary school (ref:illiteracy)

−0.204

− 0.242

− 0.281

−0.299

− 0.132

 Paternal education: Secondary school (ref:illiteracy)

−0.653

− 0.664

−0.698

− 0.709

−0.382

 Paternal education: College and above (ref:illiteracy)

−0.396

−0.342

− 0.367

−0.31

− 0.135

 Maternal education: Primary school (ref:illiteracy)

1.509*

1.492*

1.494*

1.485*

1.526*

 Maternal education: Secondary school (ref:illiteracy)

1.097

1.127

1.136

1.123

1.23

 Maternal education: College and above (ref:illiteracy)

2.076

2.131

2.158

2.151

1.841

 Paternal occupation: Mental workers (ref: Manual workers)

−0.455

−0.49

− 0.494

−0.466

− 0.588

 Maternal occupation: Mental workers (ref: Manual workers)

0.672

0.642

0.638

0.654

0.577

 Paternal health condition

0.218

0.216

0.224

0.248

0.17

 Maternal health condition

−0.348

− 0.378

−0.395

− 0.389

−0.471

 Parents’ way of raising you: Authoritarian (ref:democracy)

2.394**

2.243**

2.212**

2.213**

2.155**

 Parents’ way of raising you: Laissez-faire (ref:democracy)

0.18

0.067

0.037

0.064

0.012

 Parents care about you

1.498**

1.348**

1.331**

1.34**

1.355**

 Financial burden during the study

−0.368

−0.341

−0.333

−0.322

− 0.378

 Expectations of parents (or family members)

0.091

0.074

0.074

0.065

0.099

 Physical exercise

0.187

0.216

0.238

0.227

0.379

 Appetite status

1.032*

1.006*

1.003*

0.991*

0.99*

 Sleep quality

0.383

0.365

0.336

0.319

0.309

 Study-induced stress

−1.173**

−1.146**

−1.144**

−1.161**

−0.887*

 Employment pressure

−0.093

− 0.063

− 0.055

− 0.045

0.167

 Self-conceived character: Neutral (ref:introvert)

−1.678**

− 1.613**

− 1.603**

−1.576**

− 1.439**

 Self-conceived character: Extrovert (ref:introvert)

−1.968**

− 1.9**

−1.859**

− 1.795**

−1.725**

 Having chronic disease: Yes (ref:no)

1.153

1.158

1.181

1.18

1.074

 Satisfaction of specialty

0.32

0.263

0.241

0.243

0.187

 Relationship with lovers

0.299

0.297

0.334

0.305

0.382*

 Relationship with classmates or friends

0.754

0.656

0.614

0.566

0.564

Model 2

 Family function

 

−0.201

−0.186

−0.179

−0.049

Model 3

 Social support

  

−0.034

− 0.026

− 0.028

Model 4

 Positive coping

   

−0.033

 

 Negative coping

    

0.226**

F

4.123**

4.116**

4.042**

3.973**

5.064**

R2

0.076

0.077

0.078

0.078

0.098

ΔR2

0.076

0.002

0

0

0.02

  1. *p<0.05
  2. **p<0.01