Table 2 Depression and anxiety scores by respondent characteristics
| Â | Depression classification | Anxiety classification | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | None (Range,<50)(n = 874) | minimal to mild (Range,50–59)(n = 713) | moderate to marked (Range, 60–69)(n = 370) | Severe (Range,≥70) (n = 100) | P Value | None (Range,<50)(n = 1424) | minimal to mild (Range,50–59)(n = 492) | moderate to marked (Range, 60–69)(n = 124) | Severe (Range,≥70) (n = 17) | P Value |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.348 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.693 |
 Male | 264(43.8) | 210(34.8) | 99(16.4) | 30(5) |  | 423(70.1) | 135(22.4) | 36(6) | 9(1.5) |  |
 Female | 610(42) | 503(34.6) | 271(18.6) | 70(4.8) |  | 1001(68.8) | 357(24.6) | 88(6.1) | 8(0.6) |  |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 17–20 | 373(44.7) | 311(37.2) | 117(14) | 34(4.1) |  | 609(72.9) | 192(23) | 30(3.6) | 4(0.5) |  |
 21–25 | 501(41) | 402(32.9) | 253(20.7) | 66(5.4) |  | 815(66.7) | 300(24.5) | 94(7.7) | 13(1.1) |  |
Grade | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 1st | 262(46.5) | 212(37.6) | 72(12.8) | 18(3.2) |  | 409(72.5) | 131(23.2) | 21(3.7) | 3(0.5) |  |
 2nd | 248(43) | 203(35.2) | 103(17.9) | 23(4) |  | 434(75.2) | 120(20.8) | 22(3.8) | 1(0.2) |  |
 3rd | 364(39.7) | 298(32.5) | 195(21.3) | 59(6.4) |  | 581(63.4) | 241(26.3) | 81(8.8) | 13(1.4) |  |
Race/Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.587 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.36 |
 Han nationality | 819(42.5) | 671(34.8) | 345(17.9) | 91(4.7) |  | 1338(69.5) | 457(23.7) | 116(6) | 15(0.8) |  |
 Minority ethic group | 55(42) | 42(32.1) | 25(19.1) | 9(639) |  | 86(65.6) | 35(26.7) | 8(6.1) | 2(1.5) |  |
Place of Residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.607 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 Urban | 402(43.6) | 305(33.1) | 173(18.8) | 42(4.6) |  | 673(73) | 196(21.3) | 48(5.2) | 5(0.5) |  |
 Rural | 472(41.6) | 408(35.9) | 197(17.4) | 58(5.1) |  | 751(66.2) | 296(26.1) | 76(6.7) | 12(1.1) |  |
Housing | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Alone | 41(30.6) | 50(37.3) | 32(23.9) | 11(8.2) |  | 68(50.7) | 37(27.6) | 25(18.7) | 4(3) |  |
 In student residence facility | 521(43.4) | 406(33.8) | 214(17.8) | 60(5) |  | 840(69.9) | 289(24.1) | 64(5.3) | 8(0.7) |  |
 with friends | 89(43) | 67(32.4) | 41(19.8) | 10(4.8) |  | 145(70) | 48(23.2) | 13(6.3) | 1(0.5) |  |
 With family | 223(43.3) | 190(36.9) | 83(16.1) | 19(3.7) |  | 371(72) | 118(22.9) | 22(4.3) | 4(0.8) |  |
Only child in the family | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.938 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.442 |
 Yes | 309(43.2) | 239(33.4) | 127(17.8) | 40(5.6) |  | 488(68.3) | 174(24.3) | 46(6.4) | 7(1) |  |
 No | 565(42.1) | 474(35.3) | 243(18.1) | 60(4.5) |  | 936(69.7) | 318(23.7) | 78(5.8) | 10(0.7) |  |
Family characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.757 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.462 |
 Core family (families consisting of parents and children) | 465(42.1) | 375(34) | 209(18.9) | 55(5) |  | 773(70) | 255(23.1) | 68(6.2) | 8(0.7) |  |
 Multi-generational family | 297(43) | 247(35.87) | 115(16.7) | 31(4.5) |  | 466(67.5) | 181(26.2) | 37(5.4) | 6(0.9) |  |
 Single parent family | 78(44.6) | 57(32.6) | 31(17.7) | 9(5.1) |  | 119(68) | 39(22.3) | 14(8) | 3(1.7) |  |
 Remarried family | 34(38.6) | 34(38.6) | 15(17) | 5(5.7) |  | 66(75) | 17(19.3) | 5(5.7) | 0(0) |  |
Household income per month | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.241 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.268 |
 <RMB 5000 | 510(41.1) | 438(35.3) | 225(18.1) | 68(5.5) |  | 841(67.8) | 317(25.54) | 72(5.8) | 11(0.9) |  |
 RMB 5000–10,000 | 290(44.5) | 220(33.7) | 115(17.5) | 27(4.1) |  | 467(71.6) | 142(21.8) | 39(6) | 4(0.6) |  |
 >RMB 10000 | 74(45.1) | 55(33.5) | 30(18.3) | 5(3) |  | 116(70.7) | 33(20.1) | 13(7.9) | 2(1.2) |  |
Paternal education | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.258 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Illiteracy | 79(38.7) | 75(36.8) | 33(16.2) | 17(8.3) |  | 109(53.4) | 74(36.3) | 17(8.3) | 4(2) |  |
 Primary school | 265(41.2) | 222(34.5) | 123(19.1) | 33(5.1) |  | 435(67.7) | 161(25) | 41(6.4) | 6(0.9) |  |
 Secondary school | 468(43.3) | 377(34.9) | 190(17.6) | 46(4.3) |  | 787(72.8) | 228(21.1) | 59(5.5) | 7(0.6) |  |
 College and above | 62(48.1) | 39(30.2) | 24(18.6) | 4(3.1) |  | 93(72.1) | 29(22.5) | 7(5.4) | 0(0) |  |
Maternal education | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.726 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.003 |
 Illiteracy | 117(44) | 96(36.1) | 36(13.5) | 17(6.4) |  | 165(62) | 78(29.3) | 20(7.5) | 3(1.1) |  |
 Primary school | 331(42.1) | 262(33.3) | 151(19.2) | 43(5.5) |  | 544(69.1) | 189(24) | 47(6) | 7(0.9) |  |
 Secondary school | 387(42.5) | 324(35.6) | 162(17.8) | 37(4.1) |  | 657(72.2) | 201(22.1) | 47(5.2) | 5(0.5) |  |
 College and above | 39(41.5) | 31(33) | 21(22.3) | 3(3.2) |  | 58(61.7) | 24(25.5) | 10(10.6) | 2(2.1) |  |
Paternal occupation* | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.679 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.692 |
 Manual workers | 718(42.5) | 578(34.2) | 309(18.3) | 84(5) |  | 1163(68.9) | 418(24.7) | 98(5.8) | 10(0.6) |  |
 Mental workers | 156(42.4) | 135(36.7) | 61(16.6) | 16(4.3) |  | 261(70.9) | 74(20.1) | 26(7.1) | 7(1.9) |  |
Maternal occupation* | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.863 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.977 |
 Manual workers | 657(42.2) | 545(35) | 285(18.3) | 70(4.5) |  | 1074(69) | 387(24.9) | 85(5.5) | 11(0.7) |  |
 Mental workers | 217(43.4) | 168(33.6) | 85(17) | 30(6) |  | 350(70) | 105(21) | 39(7.8) | 6(1.2) |  |
Paternal health condition | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.062 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.052 |
 Well | 315(45.7) | 225(32.6) | 118(17.1) | 32(4.6) |  | 501(72.6) | 141(20.4) | 39(5.7) | 9(1.3) |  |
 Fair | 456(41.8) | 389(35.6) | 1937.7) | 54(4.9) |  | 744(68.1) | 280(25.6) | 62(5.7) | 6(0.5) |  |
 Poor | 103(37.5) | 99(36) | 59(21.5) | 14(5.1) |  | 179(65.1) | 71(25.8) | 23(8.4) | 2(0.7) |  |
Maternal health condition | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.567 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.222 |
 Well | 292(44.7) | 208(31.9) | 119(18.2) | 34(5.2) |  | 469(71.8) | 137(21) | 38(5.8) | 9(1.4) |  |
 Fair | 431(41.6) | 382(36.8) | 177(17.1) | 47(4.5) |  | 712(68.7) | 257(24.8) | 62(6) | 6(0.6) |  |
 Poor | 151(41.1) | 123(33.5) | 74(20.2) | 19(5.2) |  | 243(66.2) | 98(26.7) | 24(6.5) | 2(0.5) |  |
Parents’ way of raising you |  |  |  |  | <0.001 |  |  |  |  | <0.001 |
 Democracy | 570(45.8) | 438(35.2) | 182(14.6) | 54(4.3) |  | 928(74.6) | 255(20.5) | 52(4.2) | 9(0.7) |  |
 Authoritarian | 118(31.7) | 127(34.1) | 101(27.2) | 26(7) |  | 202(54.3) | 121(32.5) | 44(11.8) | 5(1.3) |  |
 Laissez-faire | 186(42.2) | 148(33.6) | 87(19.7) | 20(4.5) |  | 294(66.7) | 116(26.3) | 28(6.3) | 3(0.7) |  |
Parents care about you | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Care | 686(46.6) | 490(33.3) | 241(16.4) | 56(3.8) |  | 1098(74.5) | 309(21) | 56(3.8) | 10(0.7) |  |
 General | 161(32.9) | 188(38.4) | 107(21.9) | 33(6.7) |  | 290(59.3) | 147(30.1) | 47(9.6) | 5(1) |  |
 Don’t care | 27(28.4) | 35(36.8) | 22(23.2) | 11(11.6) |  | 36(37.9) | 36(37.9) | 21(22.1) | 2(2.1) |  |
Financial burden during the study | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Big | 256(38.9) | 220(33.4) | 142(21.6) | 40(6.1) |  | 413(62.8) | 186(28.3) | 51(7.8) | 8(1.2) |  |
 General | 478(43.1) | 396(35.7) | 190(17.1) | 45(4.1) |  | 776(70) | 263(23.7) | 61(5.5) | 9(0.8) |  |
 Small | 140(48.3) | 97(33.4) | 38(13.1) | 15(5.2) |  | 235(81) | 43(14.8) | 12(4.1) | 0(0) |  |
Expectations of parents (or family members) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.035 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Big | 519(42.9) | 424(35.1) | 212(17.5) | 54(4.5) |  | 860(71.1) | 280(23.2) | 60(5) | 9(0.7) |  |
 General | 326(42.8) | 263(34.5) | 135(17.7) | 38(5) |  | 518(68) | 191(25.1) | 47(6.2) | 6(0.8) |  |
 Small | 29(33.7) | 26(30.2) | 23(26.7) | 8(9.3) |  | 46(53.5) | 21(24.4) | 17(19.8) | 2(2.3) |  |
Physical exercise | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.246 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.055 |
 Never or rarely | 223(38.8) | 218(37.9) | 104(18.1) | 30(5.2) |  | 377(65.6) | 152(26.4) | 38(6.6) | 8(1.4) |  |
 Occasional | 529(44.2) | 391(32.6) | 220(18.4) | 58(4.8) |  | 841(70.2) | 280(23.4) | 68(5.7) | 9(0.8) |  |
 Regular (at least 3 times a week, not less than 30 min each time) | 122(43) | 104(36.6) | 46(16.2) | 12(4.2) |  | 206(72.5) | 60(21.1) | 18(6.3) | 0(0) |  |
Appetite status | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Well | 516(46.2) | 372(33.3) | 192(17.2) | 38(3.4) |  | 845(75.6) | 216(19.3) | 48(4.3) | 9(0.8) |  |
 Fair | 337(39) | 316(36.6) | 161(18.6) | 50(5.8) |  | 557(64.5) | 246(28.5) | 55(6.4) | 6(0.7) |  |
 Poor | 21(28) | 25(33.3) | 17(22.7) | 12(16) |  | 22(29.3) | 30(40) | 21(28) | 2(2.7) |  |
Sleep quality | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.004 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Well | 400(45.5) | 297(33.8) | 145(16.5) | 38(4.3) |  | 676(76.8) | 149(16.9) | 46(5.2) | 9(1) |  |
 Fair | 415(41.5) | 348(34.8) | 187(18.7) | 49(4.9) |  | 668(66.9) | 271(27.1) | 55(5.5) | 5(0.5) |  |
 Poor | 59(33.1) | 68(38.2) | 38(21.3) | 13(7.3) |  | 80(44.9) | 72(40.4) | 23(12.9) | 3(1.7) |  |
Study-induced stress | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Large | 197(34.5) | 211(37) | 120(21) | 43(7.5) |  | 325(56.9) | 182(31.9) | 54(9.5) | 10(1.8) |  |
 General | 583(45.3) | 434(33.7) | 218(17) | 51(4) |  | 944(73.4) | 278(21.6) | 57(4.4) | 7(0.5) |  |
 Small | 94(47) | 68(34) | 32(16) | 6(3) |  | 155(77.5) | 32(16) | 13(6.5) | 0(0) |  |
Employment pressure | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.059 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Large | 390(40) | 348(35.7) | 185(19) | 53(5.4) |  | 624(63.9) | 275(28.2) | 68(7) | 9(0.9) |  |
 General | 415(45.2) | 306(33.3) | 160(17.4) | 37(4) |  | 676(73.6) | 188(20.5) | 46(5) | 8(0.9) |  |
 Small | 69(42.3) | 59(36.2) | 25(15.3) | 10(6.1) |  | 124(76.1) | 29(17.8) | 10(6.1) | 0(0) |  |
Self-conceived character | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Introvert | 190(34.5) | 202(36.7) | 118(21.5) | 40(7.3) |  | 330(60) | 156(28.4) | 53(9.6) | 11(2) |  |
 Neutral | 464(43.4) | 377(35.2) | 190(17.8) | 39(3.6) |  | 768(71.8) | 252(23.6) | 45(4.2) | 5(0.5) |  |
 Extrovert | 220(50.3) | 134(30.7) | 62(14.2) | 21(4.8) |  | 326(74.6) | 84(19.2) | 26(5.9) | 1(0.2) |  |
Having chronic disease | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.34 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.12 |
 No | 840(42.9) | 666(34) | 354(18.1) | 96(4.9) |  | 1362(69.6) | 459(23.5) | 119(6.1) | 16(0.8) |  |
 Yes | 34(33.7) | 47(46.5) | 16(15.8) | 4(4) |  | 62(61.4) | 33(32.7) | 5(5) | 1(1) |  |
Satisfaction of specialty | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.082 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.116 |
 Satisfied | 371(45.9) | 266(32.9) | 128(15.8) | 44(5.4) |  | 583(72.1) | 165(20.4) | 52(6.4) | 9(1.1) |  |
 General | 454(40.4) | 398(35.4) | 220(19.6) | 51(4.5) |  | 761(67.8) | 291(25.9) | 64(5.7) | 7(0.6) |  |
 Dissatisfied | 49(39.2) | 49(39.2) | 22(17.6) | 5(4) |  | 80(64) | 36(28.8) | 8(6.4) | 1(0.8) |  |
Relationship with lovers | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Harmony | 266(45.7) | 179(30.8) | 108(18.6) | 29(5) |  | 401(68.9) | 137(23.5) | 38(6.5) | 6(1) |  |
 General | 111(33.3) | 122(36.6) | 72(21.6) | 28(8.4) |  | 182(54.7) | 103(30.9) | 42(12.6) | 6(1.8) |  |
 Bad | 19(38) | 16(32) | 9(18) | 6(12) |  | 25(50) | 13(26) | 9(18) | 3(6) |  |
 Not in love | 478(43.8) | 396(36.3) | 181(16.6) | 37(3.4) |  | 816(74.7) | 239(21.9) | 35(3.2) | 2(0.2) |  |
Relationship with classmates or friends | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Harmony | 594(44) | 482(35.7) | 219(16.2) | 55(4.1) |  | 1014(75.1) | 268(19.9) | 59(4.4) | 9(0.7) |  |
 General | 271(40.5) | 214(32) | 146(21.8) | 38(5.7) |  | 401(59.9) | 211(31.5) | 52(7.8) | 5(0.7) |  |
 Bad | 9(23.7) | 17(44.7) | 5(13.2) | 7(18.4) |  | 9(23.7) | 13(34.2) | 13(34.2) | 3(7.9) |  |