Table 3 Statistics of direct and indirect effects via HPA reactivity (RQ1) and basal HPA (RQ2) of urbanicity on behavioral and emotional problems in the JOiN and BIBO samples (paths C and C′ in Fig. 1)
| Â | Behavioral problems | Emotional problems | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect (SE) | 95% CI | Effect (SE) | 95% CI | |
RQ1: HPA reactivity | ||||
 JOiN (n = 256) | ||||
  Direct | ||||
   Current urbanicity | 0.03 (0.04) | −0.04/0.11 | 0.03 (0.03) | −0.03/0.08 |
  Indirect via | ||||
 HPA reactivity | ||||
  AUCi | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.01/0.01 | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.00/0.01 |
 BIBO (n = 135) | ||||
  Direct | ||||
   Early childhood urbanicity | 0.04 (0.10) | −0.15/0.23 | 0.09 (0.05) | −0.02/0.20 |
  Indirect via | ||||
 HPA reactivity | ||||
  AUCi | −0.00 (0.01) | −0.02/0.02 | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.01/0.01 |
Meta-analysis (n = 2) | ||||
  Direct | ||||
   Urbanicity | 0.03 (0.17) | −0.30/0.36 | 0.05 (0.14) | −0.22/0.32 |
  Indirect via | ||||
 HPA reactivity | ||||
  AUCi | −0.00 (0.05) | −0.09/0.09 | 0.00 (0.04) | −0.07/0.08 |
RQ2: Basal HPA | ||||
 JOiN (n = 282) | ||||
  Direct | ||||
   Current urbanicity | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.02/0.13 | 0.03 (0.02) | −0.01/0.08 |
  Indirect via | ||||
 Basal HPA | ||||
  AUCg | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.01/0.01 | −0.00 (0.00) | − 0.01/0.00 |
  CAR | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.01/0.01 | −0.00 (0.00) | − 0.01/0.00 |
  Decline | −0.00 (0.00) | − 0.01/0.00 | 0.00 (0.00) | − 0.00/0.00 |
 BIBO (n = 115) | ||||
  Direct | ||||
   Early childhood urbanicity | 0.11 (0.10) | −0.08/0.31 | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.01/0.23 |
  Indirect via | ||||
 Basal HPA | ||||
  AUCg | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.02/0.03 | −0.00 (0.01) | − 0.03/0.01 |
  Decline | −0.00 (0.01) | − 0.04/0.02 | −0.00 (0.01) | − 0.02/0.01 |
 Meta-analysis (n = 2) | ||||
  Indirect via | ||||
 Basal HPA | ||||
  AUCg | 0.00 (0.05) | −0.10/0.10 | −0.00 (0.04) | − 0.08/0.08 |
  Decline | −0.00 (0.04) | − 0.09/0.08 | −0.00 (0.04) | − 0.07/0.07 |