Table 1 The Child Physical Abuse (CPA)-risk group characteristics

 Age (years)

(4.6)

(2.5)

 Education (≥ 12 years)

 Married

 Number of family members

(1.3)

(1.3)

 Number of children

(0.6)

(0.9)

 Time since last childbirth (months)

(21.3)

(18.5)

  Gender of child (female)

  Health problems of child

 Living above the relative poverty line

 Anger

(4.0)

(4.9)

 Hostility

(3.8)

(4.0)

 Physical aggression

(4.0)

(4.9)

 Verbal aggression

(2.9)

(2.4)

 Perspective-taking

(3.4)

(3.7)

 Empathic concern

(3.2)

(2.7)

 Fantasy

(3.0)

(3.3)

 Personal distress

(4.4)

(5.0)

 Child domain scores

(17.9)

(16.6)

  C1: Reinforces parent

(3.2)

(3.1)

  C2: Mood

(4.8)

(4.1)

  C3: Acceptability

(3.0)

(4.2)

  C4: Distractibility/Hyperactivity

(3.9)

(2.9)

  C5: Demandingness

(4.2)

(2.5)

  C6: Problems/worries

(3.1)

(4.6)

  C7: Sensitivity to stimuli

(3.4)

(2.0)

 Parent domain scores

(22.6)

(28.2)

  P1: Role restriction

(5.8)

(7.7)

  P2: Social isolation

(5.3)

(6.4)

  P3: Relationship with spouse

(5.4)

(5.7)

  P4: Competence

(3.7)

(3.6)

  P5: Depression

(3.6)

(3.9)

  P6: Sad/uneasy feeling after leaving hospital

(3.2)

(3.7)

  P7: Attachment

(2.2)

(3.1)

  P8: Health

(2.4)

(2.6)

Beck Depression Inventory-II

(7.5)

(13.2)

 Maternal care

(9.3)

(7.1)

 Maternal protection

(7.8)

(6.2)

 Paternal care

(8.9)

(6.3)

 Paternal protection

(7.2)

(5.8)