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Table 1 Articles included in systematic review

From: Interventions designed to reduce implicit prejudices and implicit stereotypes in real world contexts: a systematic review

Type of intervention

Reference

Country

Bias

Type of Intervention

Effective

Engaging with othersā€™ perspective, consciousness-raising or imagining contact with outgroup

Dermody, Jones, and Cumming 2013 [ļ»æ19ļ»æ]

Australia

Sexuality: male homosexual/male heterosexual

Imagined positive contact

No

Turner and Crisp 2010 [20]

UK

Age: young/old

Imagined positive contact

Yes

Religion: Muslim/non-Muslim

Rukavina et al. 2010 [21]

US

Obesity stereotype: fat/lazy versus thin/motivated

Classroom & service learning components, including perspective taking

No

Swift et al. 2013 [22]

UK

Obesity

Educational films to induce empathy with outgroup

No

Devine et al. 2012 [23]

US

Race: black/white

Multi-faceted prejudice habit-breaking intervention including perspective taking

Yes

Oā€™Brien et al. 2010 [24]

UK, US, Pakistan, New Zealand

Obesity

Tutorial on uncontrollable reasons for obesity (genes/environment)

Yes

J.-L. Ɓ. Castillo, Camara, and EguizƔbal 2011 [25]

Spain

Race: Moroccan/ Native Spanish

Perspective taking / imagination

No

Lehr: Perspective Taking [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Perspective taking / imagination

No

Chen & Turner: Imagining Interracial Contact [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Imagined positive contact with outgroup and imagined negative contact with ingroup

No

Schaefer: Training Empathic Responding [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Empathy training

No

Park, Felix, and Lee 2007 [26ļ»æ]

US

Race: Arab Muslims/black

Positive information about Arab-Muslims

Yes

Exposure to counterstereotypical exemplars

Joy-Gaba and Nosek 2010 [27]

US

Race: black/ white

Exposure to admired black exemplars and disliked white exemplars

Yes

McGrane and White 2007 [28]

Australia

Racial: Asian/Anglo

Positive outgroup exemplars

Yes

Columb and Plant 2011 [29]

US

Race: black/white

Obama as positive black exemplar

Yes

Marini et al.: Vivid Counterstereotypic Scenario [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Vivid counterstereotypic scenario

Yes

Teachman: Practicing an IAT With Counterstereotypical Exemplars [18]

US

Race: black / white

Practising IATs with counterstereotypical exemplars

Yes

Frazier: Shifting Group Boundaries Through Competition [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Game where all teammates were positive and black and opponents all white and negative

Yes

Lehr: Shifting Group Affiliations Under Threat [18]

US

Race: black / white

Study 2: Vivid post-apocalyptic scenario with positive black characters

No

Study 3: Negative white characters added

Yes

Kesebir: Highlighting the Value of a Subgroup in Competition [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Positive outgroup exemplars (famous basketball players)

No

Appeals to egalitarian values (activating egalitarian goals).

Blincoe and Harris 2009 [30]

US

Race: black/ white

Priming tolerance, respect or co-operation

Yes

Clobert, Saroglou, and Hwang 2015 [31]

Belgium / Taiwan

Race: black/ white

Priming Buddhist concepts

Yes

Religion: Christian/Muslim

L. G. Castillo et al. 2007 [32]

US

Race: black/white

Multicultural counseling classes

Yes

Joy-Gaba: Priming Feelings of Nonobjectivity [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Priming feelings of non-objectivity

No

Ho: Priming an Egalitarian Mindset [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Priming an egalitarian mindset

No

Heiphetz: Priming Multiculturalism [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Priming multiculturalism

Yes

Heiphetz: Considering Racial Injustice [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Considering racial injustice

No

Hawkins: Instilling a Sense of Common Humanity [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Instilling a sense of common humanity

No

Identifying the self with the outgroup

Brannon and Walton 2013 [33]

US

Race: Latino/white

Cueing social connectedness with outgroup member

Yes

Groom, Bailenson, and Nass 2009 [34]

US

Race: black/ white

Embodiment in black avatars

No

GĆ¼ndemir et al. 2014 [35]

The Netherlands

Race stereotype: Dutch/high status versus ethnic minority/low status; Dutch/leader versus ethnic minority/leader

Invoking a sense of identity with the outgroup

Yes

Hall, Crisp, and Suen 2009 [36]

UK

Race: black/white

Experiment 1: Focusing on what ingroup and outgroup have in common

Yes

Experiment 2: Listing overlapping subgroups of ingroup and outgroup

No

Maister et al. 2013 [37]

UK, Hungary, the Netherlands

Race: black/ white

Multisensory stimulation to induce the feeling of ownership over a dark-skinned hand

Yes

Peck et al. 2013 [38]

Spain, Italy, UK

Race: black/ white

Embodiment in black avatars

Yes

Woodcock and Monteith 2013 [39]

US

Race: black/white

Ex. 1: Conditioning links between self and black

No

Ex. 2: Conditioning links between self and black (replication and extension)

Yes

Evaluative conditioning

Calanchini et al. 2013 [40]

US

Race: black/ white

Affirm black-positive and white-negative picture pairings

Yes

French et al. 2013 [41]

US

Race: Middle Eastern/white

Evaluative conditioning: Middle Eastern faces-positive and white faces -neutral

Yes

Kawakami et al. 2007 [42]

US

Race: black/white

Approach/avoidance training

Yes

Wojcik & Koleva: Evaluative Conditioning [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Study 1 & 2: Evaluative conditioning using IAT

No

Study 3 & 4: Fewer trials

Yes

Cerruti & Shin: Evaluative Conditioning With the Go/No-Go Association Task [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Study 1: Evaluative conditioning using GNAT

No

Study 2ā€“4: Fewer trials and minor modifications

Yes

Inducing emotion

Huntsinger, Sinclair, and Clore 2009 [43]

US

Race: black/white

Mood induction via music

Yes

Huntsinger et al. 2010 [44]

US

Gender stereotype: men/leader versus women/supporter

Mood induction via music

Yes

Haidt: Inducing Moral Elevation [18]

US

Race: black/white

Inducing moral elevation

No

Lai, Haidt, and Nosek 2014 [45]

US

Sexuality: male homosexual/male heterosexual

Inducing moral elevation

Yes

Intentional strategies to overcome biases (override or suppress influence of biases)

Wallaert, Ward, and Mann 2010 [46]

US

Race: black/white

Told to avoid stereotyping on IAT

Yes

Lai: Using Implementation Intentions [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Implementation intentions

Yes

Lai: Faking the IAT [18]

US

Race: black/ white

Taught to try to fake responses on the IAT

Yes

Drugs

Terbeck et al. 2012 [47]

UK

Race: black/ white

Single oral dose of propanol (40ā€‰mg) in a randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled, design.

Yes

  1. Titles in bold are interventions from the competition article [18]