Engaging with others’ perspective, consciousness-raising or imagining contact with outgroup
|
Dermody, Jones, and Cumming 2013 [19]
|
Australia
|
Sexuality: male homosexual/male heterosexual
|
Imagined positive contact
|
No
|
Turner and Crisp 2010 [20]
|
UK
|
Age: young/old
|
Imagined positive contact
|
Yes
|
Religion: Muslim/non-Muslim
|
Rukavina et al. 2010 [21]
|
US
|
Obesity stereotype: fat/lazy versus thin/motivated
|
Classroom & service learning components, including perspective taking
|
No
|
Swift et al. 2013 [22]
|
UK
|
Obesity
|
Educational films to induce empathy with outgroup
|
No
|
Devine et al. 2012 [23]
|
US
|
Race: black/white
|
Multi-faceted prejudice habit-breaking intervention including perspective taking
|
Yes
|
O’Brien et al. 2010 [24]
|
UK, US, Pakistan, New Zealand
|
Obesity
|
Tutorial on uncontrollable reasons for obesity (genes/environment)
|
Yes
|
J.-L. Á. Castillo, Camara, and Eguizábal 2011 [25]
|
Spain
|
Race: Moroccan/ Native Spanish
|
Perspective taking / imagination
|
No
|
Lehr: Perspective Taking [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Perspective taking / imagination
|
No
|
Chen & Turner: Imagining Interracial Contact [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Imagined positive contact with outgroup and imagined negative contact with ingroup
|
No
|
Schaefer: Training Empathic Responding [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Empathy training
|
No
|
Park, Felix, and Lee 2007 [26]
|
US
|
Race: Arab Muslims/black
|
Positive information about Arab-Muslims
|
Yes
|
Exposure to counterstereotypical exemplars
|
Joy-Gaba and Nosek 2010 [27]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Exposure to admired black exemplars and disliked white exemplars
|
Yes
|
McGrane and White 2007 [28]
|
Australia
|
Racial: Asian/Anglo
|
Positive outgroup exemplars
|
Yes
|
Columb and Plant 2011 [29]
|
US
|
Race: black/white
|
Obama as positive black exemplar
|
Yes
|
Marini et al.: Vivid Counterstereotypic Scenario [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Vivid counterstereotypic scenario
|
Yes
|
Teachman: Practicing an IAT With Counterstereotypical Exemplars [18]
|
US
|
Race: black / white
|
Practising IATs with counterstereotypical exemplars
|
Yes
|
Frazier: Shifting Group Boundaries Through Competition [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Game where all teammates were positive and black and opponents all white and negative
|
Yes
|
Lehr: Shifting Group Affiliations Under Threat [18]
|
US
|
Race: black / white
|
Study 2: Vivid post-apocalyptic scenario with positive black characters
|
No
|
Study 3: Negative white characters added
|
Yes
|
Kesebir: Highlighting the Value of a Subgroup in Competition [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Positive outgroup exemplars (famous basketball players)
|
No
|
Appeals to egalitarian values (activating egalitarian goals).
|
Blincoe and Harris 2009 [30]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Priming tolerance, respect or co-operation
|
Yes
|
Clobert, Saroglou, and Hwang 2015 [31]
|
Belgium / Taiwan
|
Race: black/ white
|
Priming Buddhist concepts
|
Yes
|
Religion: Christian/Muslim
|
L. G. Castillo et al. 2007 [32]
|
US
|
Race: black/white
|
Multicultural counseling classes
|
Yes
|
Joy-Gaba: Priming Feelings of Nonobjectivity [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Priming feelings of non-objectivity
|
No
|
Ho: Priming an Egalitarian Mindset [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Priming an egalitarian mindset
|
No
|
Heiphetz: Priming Multiculturalism [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Priming multiculturalism
|
Yes
|
Heiphetz: Considering Racial Injustice [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Considering racial injustice
|
No
|
Hawkins: Instilling a Sense of Common Humanity [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Instilling a sense of common humanity
|
No
|
Identifying the self with the outgroup
|
Brannon and Walton 2013 [33]
|
US
|
Race: Latino/white
|
Cueing social connectedness with outgroup member
|
Yes
|
Groom, Bailenson, and Nass 2009 [34]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Embodiment in black avatars
|
No
|
Gündemir et al. 2014 [35]
|
The Netherlands
|
Race stereotype: Dutch/high status versus ethnic minority/low status; Dutch/leader versus ethnic minority/leader
|
Invoking a sense of identity with the outgroup
|
Yes
|
Hall, Crisp, and Suen 2009 [36]
|
UK
|
Race: black/white
|
Experiment 1: Focusing on what ingroup and outgroup have in common
|
Yes
|
Experiment 2: Listing overlapping subgroups of ingroup and outgroup
|
No
|
Maister et al. 2013 [37]
|
UK, Hungary, the Netherlands
|
Race: black/ white
|
Multisensory stimulation to induce the feeling of ownership over a dark-skinned hand
|
Yes
|
Peck et al. 2013 [38]
|
Spain, Italy, UK
|
Race: black/ white
|
Embodiment in black avatars
|
Yes
|
Woodcock and Monteith 2013 [39]
|
US
|
Race: black/white
|
Ex. 1: Conditioning links between self and black
|
No
|
Ex. 2: Conditioning links between self and black (replication and extension)
|
Yes
|
Evaluative conditioning
|
Calanchini et al. 2013 [40]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Affirm black-positive and white-negative picture pairings
|
Yes
|
French et al. 2013 [41]
|
US
|
Race: Middle Eastern/white
|
Evaluative conditioning: Middle Eastern faces-positive and white faces -neutral
|
Yes
|
Kawakami et al. 2007 [42]
|
US
|
Race: black/white
|
Approach/avoidance training
|
Yes
|
Wojcik & Koleva: Evaluative Conditioning [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Study 1 & 2: Evaluative conditioning using IAT
|
No
|
Study 3 & 4: Fewer trials
|
Yes
|
Cerruti & Shin: Evaluative Conditioning With the Go/No-Go Association Task [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Study 1: Evaluative conditioning using GNAT
|
No
|
Study 2–4: Fewer trials and minor modifications
|
Yes
|
Inducing emotion
|
Huntsinger, Sinclair, and Clore 2009 [43]
|
US
|
Race: black/white
|
Mood induction via music
|
Yes
|
Huntsinger et al. 2010 [44]
|
US
|
Gender stereotype: men/leader versus women/supporter
|
Mood induction via music
|
Yes
|
Haidt: Inducing Moral Elevation [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/white
|
Inducing moral elevation
|
No
|
Lai, Haidt, and Nosek 2014 [45]
|
US
|
Sexuality: male homosexual/male heterosexual
|
Inducing moral elevation
|
Yes
|
Intentional strategies to overcome biases (override or suppress influence of biases)
|
Wallaert, Ward, and Mann 2010 [46]
|
US
|
Race: black/white
|
Told to avoid stereotyping on IAT
|
Yes
|
Lai: Using Implementation Intentions [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Implementation intentions
|
Yes
|
Lai: Faking the IAT [18]
|
US
|
Race: black/ white
|
Taught to try to fake responses on the IAT
|
Yes
|
Drugs
|
Terbeck et al. 2012 [47]
|
UK
|
Race: black/ white
|
Single oral dose of propanol (40 mg) in a randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled, design.
|
Yes
|