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Table 2 Associations between parent–adolescent bonding and bullying/victimization among Vietnamese adolescents

From: Impact of parent–adolescent bonding on school bullying and mental health in Vietnamese cultural setting: evidence from the global school-based health survey

 

Having been bullied

Having been physically attacked

OR (95%CI)

aOR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

aOR (95%CI)

Sex

 Male

0.92 (0.77, 1.09)

0.92 (0.77, 1.10)

1.85 (1.55, 2.21)***

1.92 (1.60, 2.31) ***

 Female

1

1

1

1

Education level

 Junior high school

1.61 (1.35, 1.92)***

1.69 (1.41, 2.03)***

2.28 (1.89, 2.75)***

2.46 (2.03, 2.98)***

 Senior high school

1

1

1

1

Food insecurity

 Never/Rarely

0.65 (0.29, 1.49)

0.70 (0.30, 1.62)

0.51 (0.23, 1.14)

0.50 (0.22, 1.17)

 Sometimes

1.10 (0.48, 2.54)

1.11 (0.47, 2.63)

0.78 (0.35, 1.77)

0.76 (0.32, 1.80)

 Most of the time/Always

1

1

1

1

Parental understanding

‘Parents understood problems’

 Yes

0.73 (0.60, 0.89)***

0.90 (0.73, 1.11)

0.82 (0.67, 0.99)*

0.95 (0.76, 1.19)

 No

1

1

1

1

Parental monitoring

‘Parents were aware of free time activities’

 Yes

0.69 (0.58, 0.83)***

0.78 (0.63, 0.95)*

0.65 (0.54, 0.78)***

0.67 (0.54, 0.82)***

 No

1

1

1

1

Parental control

‘Parents went through things without permission’

 Yes

1.22 (0.96, 1.55)

1.26 (0.99, 1.61)

1.37 (1.08, 1.74)**

1.36 (1.06, 1.75)*

 No

1

1

1

1

Supportive friends

 Yes

0.58 (0.49, 0.70)***

0.64 (0.53, 0.76)***

0.65 (0.54, 0.78)***

0.71 (0.59, 0.86)***

 No

1

1

1

1

Close friendships

 Yes

0.69 (0.48, 0.99)*

0.74 (0.51, 1.07)

0.81 (0.55, 1.19)

0.86 (0.57, 1.28)

 No

1

1

1

1

  1. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
  2. OR Odds ratio
  3. aOR adjusted odds radio (adjusted for sex, education level, food insecurity, parent-adolescent bonding, supportive friends, close friendship)
  4. CI confidence interval