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Table 4 Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of the association of violence and coercion (threats) with anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression in trafficked females, n = 569

From: Mental health, violence and psychological coercion among female and male trafficking survivors in the greater Mekong sub-region: a cross-sectional study

 

Unadjusted model

Adjusted Model 1a

Adjusted Model 2b

PRc

95% CId

PR

95% CI

PR

95% CI

Anxiety

 Violence

  No violence (reference)

1.0

 

1.0

   

  Physical violence only

1.31

1.06–1.62**

1.18

0.93–1.49

  

  Sexual violence only

0.90

0.59–1.39

0.94

0.48–1.83

  

  Both physical and sexual violence

1.68

1.37–2.07***

2.08

1.64–2.64***

  

 Receiving threats during trafficking

  None (reference)

1.0

   

1.0

 

  Personal threats

1.93

1.54–2.41***

  

1.93

1.55–2.42***

  Both personal and family threats

2.10

1.58–2.79***

  

2.11

1.57–2.83***

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

 Violence

  No violence (reference)

1.0

 

1.0

   

  Physical violence only

1.32

1.16–1.50***

1.15

0.89–1.48

  

  Sexual violence only

0.80

0.60–1.07

0.84

0.52–1.34

  

  Physical and sexual violence

1.33

1.18–1.51***

1.55

1.37–1.74***

  

 Receiving threats during trafficking

  None (reference)

1.0

   

1.0

 

  Personal threats

1.49

1.16–1.92***

  

1.44

1.06–1.96*

  Both personal and family threats

1.95

1.35–2.82***

  

1.96

1.32–2.91***

Depression

 Violence

  No violence (reference)

1.0

 

1.0

   

  Physical violence only

1.17

0.97–1.40

1.12

0.96–1.32

  

  Sexual violence only

0.96

0.79–1.16

1.02

0.85–1.22

  

  Both physical and sexual violence

1.44

1.23–1.68***

1.57

1.33–1.85***

  

 Receiving threats during trafficking

  None (reference)

1.0

   

1.0

 

  Personal threats

1.46

1.18–1.81***

  

1.46

1.20–1.78***

  Both personal and family threats

1.51

1.21–1.87***

  

1.42

1.25–1.63***

  1. Models for anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms were run separately but they were adjusted for the same variables
  2. *p ≤ 0.05
  3. **p ≤ 0.01
  4. ***p ≤ 0.001
  5. aAdjusted Model 1 (violence): age, country of exploitation, sector of exploitation, time in trafficking
  6. bAdjusted Model 2 (coercion or threats): age, country of exploitation, sector of exploitation, time in trafficking
  7. cPR Prevalence ratio
  8. d95% Confidence interval