Preventing at-risk children from developing antisocial and criminal behaviour: a longitudinal study examining the role of parenting, community and societal factors in middle childhood

Table 3 Categorical predictor variables and antisocial and criminal behaviour (ASB) age 16–21

Categorical predictor variables	n (%) with age 16–21 ASB		Total with predictor	Chi square and p values
Change in maternal hostility (age 4 to 8)
Reduced hostility (between ages 4 and 8)	27	(22)	121	χ²(1) = 6.66, p = 0.010
Hostility remains high	64	(36)	176	χ²(1) = 6.66, p = 0.010
Opinion of neighbourhood as a place to live, child age 5
Good	271	(26)	1027	χ²(1) = 7.58, p = 0.006
Not good	27	(42)	64	χ²(1) = 7.58, p = 0.006
Difficulty affording rent, child age7
No difficulty	170	(23)	735	χ²(1) = 15.23, p < 0.001
Difficulty	78	(37)	214	χ²(1) = 15.23, p < 0.001
Non-working mother choice, child age 7
Chose not to work to stay at home with child	56	(26)	218	χ²(1) = 1.9, p = 0.172
Did not choose not to work	22	(34)	64	χ²(1) = 1.9, p = 0.172

ISSN: 2050-7283