Preventing at-risk children from developing antisocial and criminal behaviour: a longitudinal study examining the role of parenting, community and societal factors in middle childhood

Table 1 Comparison of key covariates (categorical variables) for children with behaviour problems ages 6–10, comparing those who go on to have antisocial behaviour (ASB) with those who do not

Categorical variables	Child’s age at measurement	Categories	No ASB age 16–21		ASB age 16–21		Chi-square(df) and p values^a
Categorical variables	Child’s age at measurement	Categories	n	(%)	n	(%)	Chi-square(df) and p values^a
Child’s sex	Birth	Male	472	(51.8)	193	(57.1)	χ²(1) = 2.77 p = 0.096
Child’s sex		Female	439	(48.2)	145	(42.9)	χ²(1) = 2.77 p = 0.096
Biological father lives with child	47 months	No	95	(11.8)	54	(17.9)	χ² = (1)7.08 p = 0.008
Biological father lives with child		Yes	710	(88.2)	247	(82.1)	χ² = (1)7.08 p = 0.008
Housing owned or not	33 months	Not owned	133	(16.5)	104	(33.4)	χ² = (1)38.26 p < .001
Housing owned or not		Owned	671	(83.5)	207	(66.6)	χ² = (1)38.26 p < .001

ISSN: 2050-7283