| |
Subclinical sample
|
Patient sample
|
|---|
|
Iran
|
Germany
|
Statistical comparison
|
Iran
|
Germany
|
Statistical comparison
|
|---|
|
N
|
264
|
102
| |
87
|
90
| |
|
Age (M, SD years)
|
29.6 (12.0)
|
28.0 (9.2)
|
t(222.5) = 1.38
|
34.2 (10.2)
|
41.0 (13.1)
|
t(169.6) = 3.92***
|
|
Sex (% female)
|
62.2
|
79.4
|
χ2 (2) = 17.13***
|
69.2
|
60.4
|
χ2 (1) = 1.54
|
|
Educational level (%)
| | |
χ2 (5) = 29.36***
| | |
χ2 (5) = 58.72***
|
|
Primary school
|
1.2
|
–
| |
11.1
|
1.1
| |
|
Secondary school
|
1.2
|
–
| |
6.7
|
26.7
| |
|
Diploma
|
28.8
|
52.9
| |
23.3
|
54.4
| |
|
Associate degree
|
6.8
|
10.8
| |
10.0
|
10.0
| |
|
Bachelor’s degree
|
34.0
|
11.8
| |
35.6
|
2.2
| |
|
Master’s degree
|
28.0
|
24.5
| |
13.3
|
5.6
| |
|
Religiousness (%)
| | |
χ2 (2) = 55.32***
| | |
χ2 (2) = 35.4***
|
|
Believer in religion
|
43.0
|
18.2
| |
48.8
|
10.0
| |
|
Merely doing duties
|
40.8
|
27.3
| |
39.3
|
53.3
| |
|
Without religious belief
|
16.2
|
54.5
| |
11.9
|
36.7
| |
|
Diagnosis (%)
| | | | | | |
|
Mood
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
64.8
|
77.8
| |
|
Anxiety
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
35.2
|
6.1
| |
|
Mixed
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
16.1
| |
|
Hospitalization (%)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
31.7
|
53.5
|
χ2 (1) = 8.3**
|
|
Outpatient treatment (%)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
72.1
|
67.4
|
χ2 (1) = 0.45
|
|
Mental stress (M, SD)
| | | | | | |
|
PHQ9a
|
8.1 (5.3)
|
6.5 (4.0)
|
t(238.4) = 3.20**
|
14.0 (6.5)
|
7.6 (4.9)
|
t(167.2) = − 7.38***
|
|
GAD7b
|
5.2 (4.4)
|
4.1 (2.0)
|
t(358.6) = 8.45***
|
10.6 (5.8)
|
3.5 (2.3)
|
t(115.6) = −
|
|
PHQ15c
|
8.6 (4.7)
|
4.1 (2.0)
| |
11.7 (5.1)
|
4.8 (3.3)
|
10.85***
|
|
SOMS7d
|
5.5 (6.1)
|
1.9 (2.4)
|
t(372.1) = 13.20***t
|
10.5 (8.6)
|
5.3 (5.8)
|
t(154.7) = 10.80***
|
|
(372.4) = 8.19***
| | |
t(156.5) = 4.73***
|
- Note. N = Sample size, M = Mean, SD = Standard deviation, t = t value, χ2 = Chi-square value, a Depression score of the PHQ, b Anxiety score of the PHQ, c Score for somatoform symptoms of the PHQ, d Score for somatization symptom count of the SOMS7 * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
